+3 --
Just seeing the title: "How to recover from failed SSD" = Replace drive and restore from backup. My condolences.
But you said, that
but "Disks" sees it as an unknown volume on /dev/sda.
Which means that the drive is active, but the partitions and/or filsystem within that partition is broken...
What does "testdisk" say? My second choice would be PhotoRec, which is at the same link...
But lesson learned. If you had current backup's, then I would say,
Code:
Test the disk from SMART
|_ If Bad
|_ Replace Disk
|_ Restore from Backup
|_ If good go on
|_ List partition table
|_ If valid, test repair filesystem
|_ If good. Success.
|_ If fail
|_ Reformat Partition
|_ Restore from Backup
|_ If bad
|_Repartition Drive
|_ Reformat partition
|_ Restore from Backup
Which all that would be so much faster than using the low-level tools I recommended above.
See in that flow chart, how many times a backup would be needed? In your case, substitute, "Install Fresh and start over..."