I don't know about Asus laptops, but I can tell what that script is doing. Whenever you run that script with the word "down" as its first argument, the brightness is reduced by one:
Code:
sudo /etc/acpi/asus-keyboard-backlight.sh down
When you run the script in any other way, the brightness is increased by one. And it would be possible to change brightness in other ways by writing the requested brightness to the file /sys/class/leds/asus::kbd_backlight/brightness using any value between 0 and the value in /sys/class/leds/asus::kbd_backlight/max_brightness. Now I guess that the keys to control brightness are somehow mapped to commands using that script.
Those files aren't real files. The /sys/ directory contains a pseudo-filesystem, which is used to gain access to many properties of the running system.
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