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Thread: How to install and configure MariaDB on Ubuntu Server 18.04

  1. #1
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    Lightbulb How to install and configure MariaDB on Ubuntu Server 18.04

    Greetings and salutations,

    I hope this thread will be helpful to those who follow in my foot steps as well as getting any advice based on what I have done / documented.

    Link to original post: HammondsLegacy Forums (best when viewed at original location due to custom formatting)

    High-level overview

    This thread will cover installation of a dedicated Ubuntu server and MariaDB database. MariaDB is a drop-in replacement for MySQL which is enjoying feature/security/performance updates by the original MySQL team while MySQL languishes under the thumb of Oracle. The server will be installed inside a virtual machine in vSphere running on ESXi servers. Notes will also be supplied for doing the same thing for VirtualBox on a Windows 10 PC. Migration of data from an older database server to the new one will be covered. Although there are some VMware-specific and VirtualBox-specific steps, they are very few and the majority of this documentation will work for other Virtual Machines or even directly installed onto a physical machine (e.g. bare-metal install). If you have any advice on doing things better, please let me know by replying to >>this thread on the Ubuntu forums<< (need to create).

    This thread will also cover some custom scripts to help automate tasks such as backing up, automatically growing the file system when free space is low, etc.

    Tools utilized in this process



    Helpful links

    The list below are sources of information that was helpful in the creation of this document.



    Assumptions

    This documentation will need to make use of some very-specific information that will most-likely be different for each person / location. And as such, this information will be noted in this section. They will be highlighted in red throughout the document as a reminder that you should plug-in your own value rather than actually using these "place-holder" values.

    Under no circumstance should you use the actual values listed below. They are place-holders for the real thing. This is just a checklist template you need to have answered before you start the install process.

    Wherever you see RED in this document, you need to substitute it for you will use in your environment.

    • Ubuntu Server name: srv-database
    • Internet domain: mydomain.com
    • Ubuntu Server IP address: 192.168.107.27
    • Ubuntu Admin ID: administrator
    • Ubuntu Admin Password: myadminpass
    • Email Server (remote): 192.168.107.25
    • Database root Password: mydbrootpass
    • Windows Share ID: mysqlshare
    • Windows Share Password: mysqlsharepass

    It is also assumed the reader knows how to use the VI editor. If not, you will need to beef up your skill set or use a different editor in place of it.
    Last edited by LHammonds; July 13th, 2018 at 03:43 PM.

  2. #2
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    Re: How to install and configure MariaDB on Ubuntu Server 18.04

    Install Ubuntu Server

    The Ubuntu Server Long-Term Support (LTS) is free but we have the option of buy support and that is the main reason this server was selected.

    The steps for setting up the base server are covered in this article: How to install and configure Ubuntu Server

    It is assumed that the server was configured according to that article with the exceptions that the assumptions in red (variables above) are used instead of the assumptions in that document since we are building a database server.

  3. #3
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    Re: How to install and configure MariaDB on Ubuntu Server 18.04

    Add MariaDB repositories

    Source of information: MariaDB (NOTE: Your flavor of Linux and download location may vary and that page will help)


    1. Start the Ubuntu server and connect using PuTTY.
    2. At the login prompt, login with your administrator account (administrator / myadminpass) and then temporarily grant yourself super user privilages by typing sudo su
      Code:
      apt-key adv --recv-keys --keyserver hkp://keyserver.ubuntu.com:80 0xF1656F24C74CD1D8
      add-apt-repository 'deb [arch=amd64] http://mirror.nodesdirect.com/mariadb/repo/10.3/ubuntu bionic main'
      apt update



    Install MariaDB


    1. Install the database server and required dependencies by typing the following:
      Code:
      apt -y install mariadb-server
    2. Type your password for the database "root" user account mydbrootpass {ENTER}
    3. Re-type the password again mydbrootpass {ENTER}
    4. When installation is completed, the database service should automatically start



    Verify database service is running

    Verify the service is running by typing either of the following two commands:
    Code:
    service mariadb status
    or
    Code:
    netstat -tap | grep mysql

  4. #4
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    Re: How to install and configure MariaDB on Ubuntu Server 18.04

    Configure MariaDB


    1. Make a personal MySQL config file for the root user so the password is not required when running MySQL commands
      Code:
      touch ~/.my.cnf
      chmod 0600 ~/.my.cnf
      vi ~/.my.cnf
    2. Add the following lines to ~/.my.cnf
      Code:
      [client]
      password=mydbrootpass
    3. Edit the global database config file:
      Code:
      vi /etc/mysql/my.cnf
    4. Comment-out the bind-address by adding a pound sign (#) at the beginning of the line. This will allow us to utilize this dedicated database server from other application servers.
      Code:
      #bind-address = 127.0.0.1
    5. Restart the database service by typing
      Code:
      service mariadb restart
    6. See if the following command will work without prompting for a password:
      Code:
      mysqladmin status
      Example output:
      Code:
      Uptime: 160  Threads: 7  Questions: 5  Slow queries: 0  Opens: 17  Flush tables: 1  Open tables: 11  Queries per second avg: 0.031
    7. If this did not work, it is possible you did not uninstall apparmor in an earlier step



    Tighten Security

    MariaDB comes with a script to tighten-down security for a production server.


    1. Connect to the server using PuTTY and at the login prompt, login with your administrator account (administrator / myadminpass) and then temporarily grant yourself super user privilages by typing sudo su
    2. Start the secure install script:
      Code:
      mysql_secure_installation
    3. Type the database "root" password: mydbrootpass (unless the root password is currently blank)
    4. Type N to skip changing the password (unless the root password is currently blank, then select Y at this point)
    5. Type Y to remove the anonymous user account
    6. Type Y to disallow remote root login
    7. Type Y to remove the test database
    8. Type Y to reload privilege tables



    On production servers, It is a good idea to disable SQL command history which can expose database user accounts, passwords and encryption keys. The following commands will remove the history file if it exists and then link it to a non-existing (null) file...thus never recording anything in the future.

    Code:
    rm /root/.mysql_history
    ln -s /dev/null /root/.mysql_history

  5. #5
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    Re: How to install and configure MariaDB on Ubuntu Server 18.04

    Relocate the Databases

    If you do not want to leave your databases in the default location (/var/lib/mysql), then you can follow these steps to move them somewhere else. In this example, we will move them to /opt/mysql


    1. At the login prompt, login with your administrator account (administrator / myadminpass) and then temporarily grant yourself super user privilages by typing sudo su
    2. At the console, type the following:
      Code:
      mkdir -p /opt/mysql
      chown mysql:mysql /opt/mysql
      vi /etc/mysql/my.cnf
    3. Change the location where the databases by changing datadir from /var/lib/mysql to:
      Code:
      datadir = /opt/mysql
    4. Type the following commands to move the database(s)
      Code:
      service mariadb stop
      mv /var/lib/mysql/* /opt/mysql/.
      service mariadb start
    5. Verify the service is running by typing either of the following two commands:
      Code:
      service mariadb status
      or
      Code:
      netstat -tap | grep mysql



    NOTE: If you did not remove apparmor, it will prevent MySQL from starting at this point until you update apparmor or remove it.

  6. #6
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    Re: How to install and configure MariaDB on Ubuntu Server 18.04

    Reset lost root password

    If you ever find yourself in the position of not being able to login (locally) to your database with your root password, you will need to reset the password. For example, phpmyadmin fails to change the password correctly and neither the old nor the new password works.

    This procedure will require taking the database offline for a short time...so schedule the downtime appropriately.

    In this example, we are going to set the password to mydbrootpass (but please DO NOT actually use this exact password for your server...doing so will earn you derp points).


    1. Connect to the server using PuTTY.
    2. Login with your administrator account. At the $ prompt, temporarily grant yourself super user privileges by typing sudo su
    3. Shutdown the database service:
      Code:
      service mariadb stop
    4. Start MariaDB in safe mode to bypass user authentication and disable networking since the database is vulnerable in safe mode (The ampersand allows it to run in the background)
      Code:
      mysqld_safe --skip-grant-tables  --skip-networking &
    5. Connect to the database server via the command-line utility (which should not ask for a password):
      Code:
      mysql -u root
    6. Select the primary database and reset the password:
      Code:
      USE mysql;
      UPDATE USER SET Password=PASSWORD("mydbrootpass") WHERE User='root';
      FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
      QUIT
    7. Stop the database engine and start in the normal mode:
      Code:
      mysqladmin shutdown
      service mariadb start
    8. Test out the new password by connecting with the command-line utility:
      Code:
      mysql -u root -p
      QUIT
    9. Update your ~/my.cnf file with the current password.

  7. #7
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    Re: How to install and configure MariaDB on Ubuntu Server 18.04

    Usage Examples


    1. Connect to the server using PuTTY.
    2. At the login prompt, login with your administrator account (administrator / myadminpass) and then temporarily grant yourself super user privileges by typing sudo su
    3. Start a database session and create a database called minecraft and a user called minecraftuser with a password of "mydbpass" and grant the user access to the database:
      Code:
      mysql -u root
      CREATE DATABASE minecraft CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_bin;;
      GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON minecraft.* TO 'minecraftuser'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'mydbpass';
      FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
      QUIT
    4. To remove the changes you just made, you can run the following commands to delete the user and database:
      Code:
      DROP USER minecraftuser;
      DROP DATABASE minecraft;
    5. NOTE #1: The 'minecraftuser'@'%' above means that user can login from anywhere so the application can connect no matter what server it is on. If you want tighter security, you can specify the IP address of the app server as part of the login permissions. For example, the following would tell the DB server to only allow the database user access from the app server only:
      Code:
      GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON minecraft.* TO 'minecraftuser'@'192.168.107.26' IDENTIFIED BY 'mydbpass';
    6. NOTE #2: Another modification to the grant command can limit the user to just the local machine which is perfect if your application and database are on the same machine:
      Code:
      GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON minecraft.* TO 'minecraftuser'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'mydbpass';

  8. #8
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    Re: How to install and configure MariaDB on Ubuntu Server 18.04

    Scripting

    Much of the solutions beyond this point involve scripts (programming snippets / automated commands).

    In particular, they are Bash Scripts. I chose this due to its popularity and the fact it comes with Ubuntu. I try to make use of what comes with the system without requiring additional software / services unless they really add to the bottom line such as decreasing the time it takes for a process to run or to conserve storage and bandwidth usage.

  9. #9
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    Re: How to install and configure MariaDB on Ubuntu Server 18.04

    MySQL Backup Script

    This script is designed to perform a full backup of all databases while the server is online. It actually does three kinds of backups. First, it pulls all the databases into a single file which is good for restoring everything on new servers. It then pulls by database to create database files and then it pulls each individual table into its own file which is easier to isolate individual items to restore if necessary.

    My needs are not that great at the moment so I backup one time per day...which is handled by a crontab schedule covered later in this thread.

    /var/scripts/prod/mysql-backup.sh
    Code:
    #!/bin/bash
    #############################################
    ## Name          : mysql-backup.sh
    ## Version       : 1.5
    ## Date          : 2017-12-27
    ## Author        : LHammonds
    ## Purpose       : Complete backup of MySQL database.
    ## Compatibility : Verified on to work on:
    ##                  - Ubuntu Server 10.04 LTS - 18.04 LTS
    ##                  - MySQL 5.1.41 - 5.5.22
    ##                  - MariaDB 10.1.22 - 10.3.8
    ## Requirements  : p7zip-full (if ArchiveMethod=tar.7z), sendemail
    ## Run Frequency : Once per day after hours or as needed (will not shutdown service)
    ## Exit Codes    : (if multiple errors, value is the addition of codes)
    ##    0 = success
    ##    1 = 7zip not installed
    ##    2 = archive failure
    ##    4 = archive purge failure
    ##    8 = configuration error
    ##   16 = mount warning
    ################ CHANGE LOG #################
    ## DATE       WHO WHAT WAS CHANGED
    ## ---------- --- ----------------------------
    ## 2011-12-19 LTH Created script.
    ## 2012-01-09 LTH Bugfix - f_PurgeOldestArchive
    ## 2017-04-13 LTH Corrected variable casing.
    ## 2017-04-24 LTH All databases minus an exception list.
    ## 2017-09-01 LTH Handle folder creation upon 1st time run.
    ## 2017-12-27 LTH Added directory/file permission setting.
    #############################################
    
    ## Import common variables and functions. ##
    source /var/scripts/common/standard.conf
    
    LogFile="${LogDir}/mysql-backup.log"
    LockFile="${TempDir}/mysql-backup.lock"
    TargetDir="${BackupDir}/mysql"
    MySQLDir="/opt/mysql"
    DatabasesToExclude="JunkDB1 JunkDB1"
    ExclusionList="'information_schema','mysql'"
    OffsiteBackDir="${OffsiteDir}/${Hostname}/mysql"
    ArchiveFile="`date +%Y-%m-%d-%H-%M`_mysql-backup.${ArchiveMethod}"
    ErrorFlag=0
    
    #######################################
    ##            FUNCTIONS              ##
    #######################################
    function f_PurgeOldestArchive()
    {
      ## Purpose: Delete the oldest archive on the remote site.
      ## Return values:
      ##    0 = Success
      ##    1 = Cannot delete file
      ##    9 = Configuration error, path empty
    
      ## Variable Error Check. *
      if [ ${OffsiteBackDir} = "" ]; then
        ## Make darn sure the path is not empty since we do NOT
        ## want to start purging files from a random location.
        echo "`date +%Y-%m-%d_%H:%M:%S` --- Purge error: OffsiteBackDir site variable is empty!" >> ${LogFile}
        return 9
      fi
      ## Get the name of the oldest file.
      OldestFile=`ls -1t ${OffsiteBackDir} | tail -1`
      if [ "${OldestFile}" = "" ]; then
        ## Error. Filename variable empty.
        echo "`date +%Y-%m-%d_%H:%M:%S` --- Purge error: OldestFile variable is empty." >> ${LogFile}
        return 9
      else   
        DataFileSIZE=`ls -lak "${OffsiteBackDir}/${OldestFile}" | awk '{ print $5 }' | sed -e :a -e 's/\(.*[0-9]\)\([0-9]\{3\}\)/\1,\2/;ta'`
        echo "`date +%Y-%m-%d_%H:%M:%S` --- Purging old file: ${OffsiteBackDir}/${OldestFile}, Size = ${DataFileSIZE} kb" >> ${LogFile}
        rm "${OffsiteBackDir}/${OldestFile}"
        if [ -f "${OffsiteBackDir}/${OldestFile}" ]; then
          ## File still exists.  Return error.
          return 1
        else
          return 0
        fi
      fi
    }
    
    function f_cleanup()
    {
      echo "`date +%Y-%m-%d_%H:%M:%S` - MySQL backup exit code: ${ErrorFlag}" >> ${LogFile}
    
      if [ -f ${LockFile} ];then
        ## Remove lock file so other backup jobs can run.
        rm ${LockFile} 1>/dev/null 2>&1
      fi
      ## Email the result to the administrator.
      if [ ${ErrorFlag} -eq 0 ]; then
        f_sendmail "[Success] MySQL Backup" "MySQL backup completed with no errors."
      else
        f_sendmail "[Failure] MySQL Backup" "MySQL backup failed.  ErrorFlag = ${ErrorFlag}"
      fi
    }
    
    function f_emergencyexit()
    {
      ## Purpose: Exit script as cleanly as possible.
      ## Parameter #1 = Error Code
      f_cleanup
      exit $1
    }
    
    #######################################
    ##           MAIN PROGRAM            ##
    #######################################
    
    ## Binaries ##
    TAR="$(which tar)"
    MY7ZIP="$(which 7za)"
    MYSQL="$(which mysql)"
    MYSQLDUMP="$(which mysqldump)"
    
    if [ -f ${LockFile} ]; then
      ## Program lock file detected.  Abort script.
      f_sendmail "MySQL Backup aborted - Lock File" "This script tried to run but detected the lock file: ${LockFile}\n\nPlease check to make sure the file does not remain when this script is not actually running."
      exit 1
    else
      ## Create the lock file to ensure only one script is running at a time.
      echo "`date +%Y-%m-%d_%H:%M:%S` ${ScriptName}" > ${LockFile}
    fi
    
    echo "`date +%Y-%m-%d_%H:%M:%S` - MySQL Backup started." >> ${LogFile}
    
    ## If the 7-Zip archive method is specified, make sure the package is installed.
    if [ "${ArchiveMethod}" = "tar.7z" ]; then
      if [ ! -f "/usr/bin/7za" ]; then
        ## Required package (7-Zip) not installed.
        echo "`date +%Y-%m-%d_%H:%M:%S` - CRITICAL ERROR: 7-Zip package not installed.  Please install by typing 'aptitude -y install p7zip-full'" >> ${LogFile}
        ErrorFlag=1
        f_emergencyexit ${ErrorFlag}
      fi
    fi
    
    echo "`date +%Y-%m-%d_%H:%M:%S` --- Partition status:" >> ${LogFile}
    df -h >> ${LogFile}
    
    ## Document the current uptime.
    ${MYSQL} -e status | grep -i uptime >> ${LogFile}
    
    StartTime="$(date +%s)"
    
    echo "`date +%Y-%m-%d_%H:%M:%S` --- Space consumed in ${MySQLDir} = `du -sh ${MySQLDir} | awk '{ print $1 }'`" >> ${LogFile}
    
    
    for DB in `echo "${DatabasesToExclude}"`
    do
      ExclusionList="${ExclusionList},'${DB}'"
    done
    SQLSTMT="SELECT schema_name FROM information_schema.schemata"
    SQLSTMT="${SQLSTMT} WHERE schema_name NOT IN (${ExclusionList})"
    MYSQLDUMP_DATABASES=""
    for DB in `mysql -ANe"${SQLSTMT}"`
    do
      MYSQLDUMP_DATABASES="${MYSQLDUMP_DATABASES} ${DB}"
    done
    MYSQLDUMP_OPTIONS="--skip-lock-tables"
    
    ## Backup all databases.
    ${MYSQLDUMP} ${MYSQLDUMP_OPTIONS} --databases ${MYSQLDUMP_DATABASES} > ${TargetDir}/mysql-all.sql
    
    ## Loop through every database.
    #DBList=$(echo "show databases;"|mysql --skip-column-names)
    #for SingleDB in ${DBList}
    
    for SingleDB in ${MYSQLDUMP_DATABASES}
    do
      if [ "${SingleDB}" != "information_schema" ] && [ "${SingleDB}" != "performance_schema" ]; then
        ## Backup individual database.
        ${MYSQLDUMP} ${SingleDB} > ${TargetDir}/${SingleDB}.sql
        ## Create database sub-folder.
        mkdir -p ${TargetDir}/${SingleDB}
        ## Export each table in the database individually.
        for SingleTable in `echo "show tables" | $MYSQL ${SingleDB}|grep -v Tables_in_`;
        do
          DataFile=${TargetDir}/${SingleDB}/${SingleTable}.sql
          case "${SingleTable}" in
            general_log)
              ${MYSQLDUMP} ${SingleDB} ${SingleTable} --skip-lock-tables > ${DataFile}
              ;;
            slow_log)
              ${MYSQLDUMP} ${SingleDB} ${SingleTable} --skip-lock-tables > ${DataFile}
              ;;
            *)
              ${MYSQLDUMP} ${SingleDB} ${SingleTable} > ${DataFile}
              ;;
          esac
        done
      fi
    done
    
    ## Ensure proper directory and file permissions.
    find ${TargetDir}/ -type f -print0 | xargs -0 chmod 0600
    find ${TargetDir}/ -type d -print0 | xargs -0 chmod 0700
    
    ## Compress the backup into a single file based on archive method specified.
    echo "`date +%Y-%m-%d_%H:%M:%S` --- Compressing archive: ${TempDir}/${ArchiveFile}" >> ${LogFile}
    case "${ArchiveMethod}" in
    tar.7z)
      ${TAR} -cpf - ${TargetDir} | ${MY7ZIP} a -si -mx=7 -w${TempDir} ${TempDir}/${ArchiveFile} 1>/dev/null 2>&1
      ReturnValue=$?
      ## Restore using one of the following commands (do not uncomment, only for notation):
      ## 7za x -so -w/tmp ${TempDir}/${ArchiveFile} | tar -C / -xf -
      ## 7za x -so -w/tmp ${TempDir}/${ArchiveFile} | tar -C ${TempDir}/restore --strip-components=1 -xf -
      ;;
    tgz)
      ${TAR} -cpzf ${TempDir}/${ArchiveFile} ${TargetDir} 1>/dev/null 2>&1
      ReturnValue=$?
      ## Restore using one of the following commands (do not uncomment, only for notation):
      ## tar -C / -xzf ${TempDir}/${ArchiveFile}
      ## tar -C ${TempDir}/restore --strip-components=1 -xzf ${TempDir}/${ArchiveFile}
      ;;
    *)
      ${TAR} -cpzf ${TempDir}/${ArchiveFile} ${TargetDir} 1>/dev/null 2>&1
      ReturnValue=$?
      ;;
    esac
    
    if [ ${ReturnValue} -ne 0 ]; then
      ## tar command failed.  Send warning email.
      f_sendmail "MySQL Backup Failure - tar" "tar failed with return value of ${ReturnValue}"
      ErrorFlag=$((${ErrorFlag} + 2))
    fi
    
    ## Mount the remote folder. ##
    f_mount
    
    if [ -f ${OffsiteTestFile} ]; then
      ## Offline file detected.  Assuming failed mount.
      ErrorFlag=$((${ErrorFlag} + 16))
      echo "`date +%Y-%m-%d_%H:%M:%S` --- ERROR: Offline file detected: ${OffsiteTestFile}" >> ${LogFile}
      f_emergencyexit ${ErrorFlag}
    fi
    
    ## If destination folder does not exist, create it. Mainly for 1st time use.
    if [ ! -d ${OffsiteBackDir} ]; then
      mkdir -p ${OffsiteBackDir}
    fi
    
    FreeSpace=`df -k ${OffsiteDir} | grep ${OffsiteDir} | awk '{ print $3 }'`
    BackupSize=`ls -lak "${TempDir}/${ArchiveFile}" | awk '{ print $5 }'`
    
    ## Make sure space is available on the remote server to copy the file.
    if [ ${FreeSpace} -lt ${BackupSize} ]; then
      ## Not enough free space available.  Purge existing backups until there is room.
      EnoughSpace=0
      while [ ${EnoughSpace} -eq 0 ]
      do
        f_PurgeOldestArchive
        ReturnValue=$?
        case ${ReturnValue} in
        1)
          ## Cannot purge archives to free up space.  End program gracefully.
          echo "`date +%Y-%m-%d_%H:%M:%S` - ERROR: Not enough free space on ${OffsiteBackDir} and cannot purge old archives.  Script aborted." >> ${LogFile}
          ## Stop and exit the script with an error code.
          ErrorFlag=$((${ErrorFlag} + 4))
          f_emergencyexit ${ErrorFlag}
          ;;
        9)
          ## Configuration error, end program gracefully.
          echo "`date +%Y-%m-%d_%H:%M:%S` - ERROR: Configuration problem. Script aborted." >> ${LogFile}
          ## Stop and exit the script with an error code.
          ErrorFlag=$((${ErrorFlag} + 8))
          f_emergencyexit ${ErrorFlag}
          ;;
        esac
        FreeSpace=`df -k ${OffsiteDir} | grep ${OffsiteDir} | awk '{ print $3 }'`
        if [ ${FreeSpace} -gt ${BackupSize} ]; then
          ## Enough space is now available.
          EnoughSpace=1
        else
          ## Not enough space is available yet.
          EnoughSpace=0
        fi
      done
    fi
    
    ## Copy the backup to an offsite storage location.
    echo "`date +%Y-%m-%d_%H:%M:%S` --- Copying archive file to offsite location." >> ${LogFile}
    cp ${TempDir}/${ArchiveFile} ${OffsiteBackDir}/${ArchiveFile} 1>/dev/null 2>&1
    if [ ! -f ${OffsiteBackDir}/${ArchiveFile} ]; then
      ## NON-FATAL ERROR: Copy command did not work.  Send email notification.
      echo "`date +%Y-%m-%d_%H:%M:%S` --- WARNING: Remote copy failed. ${OffsiteBackDir}/${ArchiveFile} does not exist!" >> ${LogFile}
      f_sendmail "MySQL Backup Failure - Remote Copy" "Remote copy failed. ${OffsiteBackDir}/${ArchiveFile} does not exist\n\nBackup file still remains in this location: ${Hostname}:${TempDir}/${ArchiveFile}"
    else
      ## Remove local copy of the compressed backup file
      rm ${TempDir}/${ArchiveFile}
    fi
    
    ## Unmount the Windows shared folder.
    f_umount
    
    ## Calculate total time for backup.
    FinishTime="$(date +%s)"
    ElapsedTime="$(expr ${FinishTime} - ${StartTime})"
    Hours=$((${ElapsedTime} / 3600))
    ElapsedTime=$((${ElapsedTime} - ${Hours} * 3600))
    Minutes=$((${ElapsedTime} / 60))
    Seconds=$((${ElapsedTime} - ${Minutes} * 60))
    
    echo "`date +%Y-%m-%d_%H:%M:%S` --- Total backup time: ${Hours} hour(s) ${Minutes} minute(s) ${Seconds} second(s)" >> ${LogFile}
    
    echo "`date +%Y-%m-%d_%H:%M:%S` - MySQL backup completed." >> ${LogFile}
    
    ## Perform cleanup routine.
    f_cleanup
    ## Exit with the combined return code value.
    exit ${ErrorFlag}
    Here is a sample of the log output:

    /var/log/mysql-backup.log
    Code:
    2018-05-16_23:00:01 - MySQL backup started.
    2018-05-16_23:00:01 --- Partition status:
    Filesystem            Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
    /dev/mapper/LVG-root  3.8G  1.1G  2.6G  29% /
    udev                  237M  4.0K  237M   1% /dev
    tmpfs                  99M  540K   98M   1% /run
    none                  5.0M     0  5.0M   0% /run/lock
    none                  246M     0  246M   0% /run/shm
    /dev/sda1             179M   25M  145M  15% /boot
    /dev/mapper/LVG-bak   4.0G   65M  3.8G   2% /backup
    /dev/mapper/LVG-var   2.0G  347M  1.6G  18% /var
    /dev/mapper/LVG-tmp   2.0G   31M  1.9G   2% /tmp
    Uptime:            13 days 8 hours 50 min 14 sec
    2018-05-16_23:00:01 --- Space consumed in  = 104K
    2018-05-16_23:00:07 --- Compressing archive: /tmp/2018-05-16-23-00_db-backup.tar.7z
    2018-05-16_23:00:18 --- Copying archive file to offsite location.
    2018-05-16_23:00:19 --- Total backup time: 0 hour(s) 0 minute(s) 18 second(s)
    2018-05-16_23:00:19 - Database backup completed.
    2018-05-16_23:00:19 - Database backup exit code: 0
    2018-05-17_23:00:02 - Database backup started.
    2018-05-17_23:00:02 --- Partition status:
    Filesystem            Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
    /dev/mapper/LVG-root  3.8G  1.1G  2.6G  29% /
    udev                  237M  4.0K  237M   1% /dev
    tmpfs                  99M  540K   98M   1% /run
    none                  5.0M     0  5.0M   0% /run/lock
    none                  246M     0  246M   0% /run/shm
    /dev/sda1             179M   25M  145M  15% /boot
    /dev/mapper/LVG-bak   4.0G   65M  3.8G   2% /backup
    /dev/mapper/LVG-var   2.0G  347M  1.6G  18% /var
    /dev/mapper/LVG-tmp   2.0G   31M  1.9G   2% /tmp
    Uptime:            8 hours 38 min 26 sec
    2018-05-17_23:00:02 --- Space consumed in  = 104K
    2018-05-17_23:00:07 --- Compressing archive: /tmp/2018-05-17-23-00_db-backup.tar.7z
    2018-05-17_23:00:19 --- Copying archive file to offsite location.
    2018-05-17_23:00:25 --- Total backup time: 0 hour(s) 0 minute(s) 23 second(s)
    2018-05-17_23:00:25 - Database backup completed.
    2018-05-17_23:00:25 - Database backup exit code: 0
    2018-05-18_23:00:01 - Database backup started.
    2018-05-18_23:00:01 --- Partition status:
    Filesystem            Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
    /dev/mapper/LVG-root  3.8G  1.1G  2.6G  29% /
    udev                  237M  4.0K  237M   1% /dev
    tmpfs                  99M  540K   98M   1% /run
    none                  5.0M     0  5.0M   0% /run/lock
    none                  246M     0  246M   0% /run/shm
    /dev/sda1             179M   25M  145M  15% /boot
    /dev/mapper/LVG-bak   4.0G   65M  3.8G   2% /backup
    /dev/mapper/LVG-var   2.0G  347M  1.6G  18% /var
    /dev/mapper/LVG-tmp   2.0G   31M  1.9G   2% /tmp
    Uptime:            1 day 8 hours 38 min 25 sec
    2018-05-18_23:00:01 --- Space consumed in  = 108K
    2018-05-18_23:00:05 --- Compressing archive: /tmp/2018-05-18-23-00_db-backup.tar.7z
    2018-05-18_23:00:16 --- Copying archive file to offsite location.
    2018-05-18_23:00:17 --- Total backup time: 0 hour(s) 0 minute(s) 16 second(s)
    2018-05-18_23:00:17 - Database backup completed.
    2018-05-18_23:00:17 - Database backup exit code: 0
    2018-05-19_23:00:01 - Database backup started.
    2018-05-19_23:00:01 --- Partition status:
    Filesystem            Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
    /dev/mapper/LVG-root  3.8G  1.1G  2.6G  29% /
    udev                  237M  4.0K  237M   1% /dev
    tmpfs                  99M  540K   98M   1% /run
    none                  5.0M     0  5.0M   0% /run/lock
    none                  246M     0  246M   0% /run/shm
    /dev/sda1             179M   25M  145M  15% /boot
    /dev/mapper/LVG-bak   4.0G   65M  3.8G   2% /backup
    /dev/mapper/LVG-var   2.0G  347M  1.6G  18% /var
    /dev/mapper/LVG-tmp   2.0G   31M  1.9G   2% /tmp
    Uptime:            2 days 8 hours 38 min 25 sec
    2018-05-19_23:00:01 --- Space consumed in  = 108K
    2018-05-19_23:00:04 --- Compressing archive: /tmp/2018-05-19-23-00_db-backup.tar.7z
    2018-05-19_23:00:16 --- Copying archive file to offsite location.
    2018-05-19_23:00:17 --- Total backup time: 0 hour(s) 0 minute(s) 16 second(s)
    2018-05-19_23:00:17 - Database backup completed.
    2018-05-19_23:00:17 - Database backup exit code: 0
    Here is a sample of the files stored on the offsite server:

    D:\MariaDB\database
    Code:
    2018-05-09-23-00_db-backup.tar.7z
    2018-05-10-23-00_db-backup.tar.7z
    2018-05-11-23-00_db-backup.tar.7z
    2018-05-12-23-00_db-backup.tar.7z
    2018-05-13-23-00_db-backup.tar.7z
    2018-05-14-23-00_db-backup.tar.7z
    2018-05-15-23-00_db-backup.tar.7z
    2018-05-16-23-00_db-backup.tar.7z
    2018-05-17-23-00_db-backup.tar.7z
    2018-05-18-23-00_db-backup.tar.7z
    2018-05-19-23-00_db-backup.tar.7z

  10. #10
    Join Date
    Sep 2011
    Location
    Behind you!
    Beans
    1,690
    Distro
    Ubuntu 20.04 Focal Fossa

    Re: How to install and configure MariaDB on Ubuntu Server 18.04

    Database Backup On Demand

    This script is designed to run every minute looking for key files. If a specific file shows up on the samba share, it will trigger an immediate backup of the specified database. This is helpful when scheduling the backup of an app server and coordinating the backup of the database at the same time. The remote app backup script can trigger the database backup anytime it runs no matter if it is schedule via crontab or manually run.

    For an example of a app server configured to make use of the script, take a look at the MediaWiki thread.

    If a file such as /srv/samba/share/mediawiki shows up, this script will delete that file and perform a backup of the mediawiki database.

    To configure this script for your own needs, modify the IF statements between lines 116 and 130.

    /var/scripts/prod/db-ondemand-backup.sh
    Code:
    #!/bin/bash
    #############################################
    ## Name          : db-ondemand-backup.sh
    ## Version       : 1.2
    ## Date          : 2017-09-01
    ## Author        : LHammonds
    ## Purpose       : Backup of a single database
    ## Compatibility : Verified on Ubuntu Server 10.04 - 18.04 LTS, MySQL 5.1.62 - 5.5.22, MariaDB 10.3.8
    ## Requirements  : p7zip-full (if ArchiveMethod=tar.7z), sendemail
    ## Run Frequency : As needed
    ## Exit Codes    : (if multiple errors, value is the addition of codes)
    ##    0 = success
    ##    1 = 7zip not installed
    ##    2 = archive failure
    ##    4 = archive purge failure
    ##    8 = configuration error
    ##   16 = mount warning
    ################ CHANGE LOG #################
    ## DATE       WHO WHAT WAS CHANGED
    ## ---------- --- ----------------------------
    ## 2012-05-14 LTH Created script.
    ## 2017-04-13 LTH Corrected variable casing.
    ## 2017-09-01 LTH Handle folder creation upon 1st time run.
    #############################################
    
    ## Import common variables and functions. ##
    source /var/scripts/common/standard.conf
    
    LogFile="${LogDir}/db-ondemand-backup.log"
    LockFile="${TempDir}/db-ondemand-backup.lock"
    TargetDir="${BackupDir}/db-ondemand"
    OffsiteBackDir="${OffsiteDir}/${Hostname}/db-ondemand"
    ErrorFlag=0
    
    #######################################
    ##            FUNCTIONS              ##
    #######################################
    function f_PurgeOldestArchive()
    {
      ## Purpose: Delete the oldest archive on the remote site.
      ## Return values:
      ##    0 = Success
      ##    1 = Cannot delete file
      ##    9 = Configuration error, path empty
    
      ## Variable Error Check. *
      if [ ${OffsiteBackDir} = "" ]; then
        ## Make darn sure the path is not empty since we do NOT
        ## want to start purging files from a random location.
        echo "`date +%Y-%m-%d_%H:%M:%S` --- Purge error: OffsiteBackDir site variable is empty!" >> ${LogFile}
        return 9
      fi
      ## Get the name of the oldest file.
      OldestFile=`ls -1t ${OffsiteBackDir} | tail -1`
      if [ "${OldestFile}" = "" ]; then
        ## Error. Filename variable empty.
        echo "`date +%Y-%m-%d_%H:%M:%S` --- Purge error: OldestFile variable is empty." >> ${LogFile}
        return 9
      else   
        FileSize=`ls -lak "${OffsiteBackDir}/${OldestFile}" | awk '{ print $5 }' | sed -e :a -e 's/\(.*[0-9]\)\([0-9]\{3\}\)/\1,\2/;ta'`
        echo "`date +%Y-%m-%d_%H:%M:%S` --- Purging old file: ${OffsiteBackDir}/${OldestFile}, Size = ${FileSize} kb" >> ${LogFile}
        rm "${OffsiteBackDir}/${OldestFile}"
        if [ -f "${OffsiteBackDir}/${OldestFile}" ]; then
          ## File still exists.  Return error.
          return 1
        else
          return 0
        fi
      fi
    }
    
    function f_cleanup()
    {
      if [ -f ${LockFile} ];then
        ## Remove lock file so other rsync jobs can run.
        rm ${LockFile} 1>/dev/null 2>&1
      fi
      if [[ "${TargetDir}" != "" && "{TargetDir}" != "/" ]]; then
        ## Remove local backup files.
        rm -rf ${TargetDir}/*
      fi
    }
    
    function f_emergencyexit()
    {
      ## Purpose: Exit script as cleanly as possible.
      ## Parameter #1 = Error Code
      f_cleanup
      echo "`date +%Y-%m-%d_%H:%M:%S` - MySQL backup exit code: ${ErrorFlag}" >> ${LogFile}
      exit $1
    }
    
    #######################################
    ##           MAIN PROGRAM            ##
    #######################################
    
    ## Binaries ##
    TAR="$(which tar)"
    MY7ZIP="$(which 7za)"
    MYSQL="$(which mysql)"
    MYSQLDUMP="$(which mysqldump)"
    
    if [ -f ${LockFile} ]; then
      ## Program lock file detected.  Abort script.
      echo "Lock file detected, aborting script."
      f_sendmail "[Failure] MySQL DB Backup Aborted - Lock File" "This script tried to run but detected the lock file: ${LockFile}\n\nPlease check to make sure the file does not remain when this script is not actually running."
      exit 1
    else
      ## Create the lock file to ensure only one script is running at a time.
      echo "`date +%Y-%m-%d_%H:%M:%S` ${ScriptName}" > ${LockFile}
    fi
    
    ## Figure out which database will be backed up. Only one per run.
    if [ -f "${ShareDir}/mediawiki" ]; then
      DatabaseName="mediawiki"
      rm "${ShareDir}/mediawiki"
    elif [ -f "${ShareDir}/intranetwp" ]; then
      DatabaseName="intranetwp"
      rm "${ShareDir}/intranetwp"
    elif [ -f "${ShareDir}/intranetwpdev" ]; then
      DatabaseName="intranetwpdev"
      rm "${ShareDir}/intranetwpdev"
    elif [ -f "${ShareDir}/owncloud" ]; then
      DatabaseName="owncloud"
      rm "${ShareDir}/owncloud"
    elif [ -f "${ShareDir}/phpbb" ]; then
      DatabaseName="phpbb"
      rm "${ShareDir}/phpbb"
    elif [ -f "${ShareDir}/wordpress" ]; then
      DatabaseName="wordpress"
      rm "${ShareDir}/wordpress"
    fi
    if [[ "${DatabaseName}" = "" ]]; then
      echo "No database selected. Exiting script."
      f_cleanup 0
      exit 0
    fi
    
    ArchiveFile="`date +%Y-%m-%d-%H-%M`_mysql-db-${DatabaseName}.${ArchiveMethod}"
    
    echo "`date +%Y-%m-%d_%H:%M:%S` - Database ${DatabaseName} backup started." >> ${LogFile}
    
    ## If the 7-Zip archive method is specified, make sure the package is installed.
    if [ "${ArchiveMethod}" = "tar.7z" ]; then
      if [ ! -f "/usr/bin/7za" ]; then
        ## Required package (7-Zip) not installed.
        echo "`date +%Y-%m-%d_%H:%M:%S` - CRITICAL ERROR: 7-Zip package not installed.  Please install by typing 'aptitude -y install p7zip-full'" >> ${LogFile}
        ErrorFlag=1
        f_emergencyexit ${ErrorFlag}
      fi
    fi
    
    StartTime="$(date +%s)"
    
    ## Backup individual database.
    ${MYSQLDUMP} ${DatabaseName} > ${TargetDir}/${DatabaseName}.sql
    ## Create database sub-folder.
    mkdir -p ${TargetDir}/${DatabaseName}
    ## Export each table in the database individually.
    for SingleTable in `echo "show tables" | $MYSQL ${DatabaseName}|grep -v Tables_in_`;
    do
      FileName=${TargetDir}/${DatabaseName}/${SingleTable}.sql
      case "${SingleTable}" in
        general_log)
          ${MYSQLDUMP} ${DatabaseName} ${SingleTable} --skip-lock-tables > ${FileName}
          ;;
        slow_log)
          ${MYSQLDUMP} ${DatabaseName} ${SingleTable} --skip-lock-tables > ${FileName}
          ;;
        *)
          ${MYSQLDUMP} ${DatabaseName} ${SingleTable} > ${FileName}
          ;;
      esac
    done
    
    ## Compress the backup into a single file based on archive method specified.
    echo "`date +%Y-%m-%d_%H:%M:%S` --- Compressing archive: ${TempDir}/${ArchiveFile}" >> ${LogFile}
    case "${ArchiveMethod}" in
    tar.7z)
      ${TAR} -cpf - ${TargetDir} | ${MY7ZIP} a -si -mx=7 -w${TempDir} ${TempDir}/${ArchiveFile} 1>/dev/null 2>&1
      ReturnValue=$?
      ## Restore using one of the following commands (do not uncomment, only for notation):
      ## 7za x -so -w/tmp ${TempDir}/${ArchiveFile} | tar -C / -xf -
      ## 7za x -so -w/tmp ${TempDir}/${ArchiveFile} | tar -C ${TempDir}/restore --strip-components=1 -xf -
      ;;
    tgz)
      ${TAR} -cpzf ${TempDir}/${ArchiveFile} ${TargetDir} 1>/dev/null 2>&1
      ReturnValue=$?
      ## Restore using one of the following commands (do not uncomment, only for notation):
      ## tar -C / -xzf ${TempDir}/${ArchiveFile}
      ## tar -C ${TempDir}/restore --strip-components=1 -xzf ${TempDir}/${ArchiveFile}
      ;;
    *)
      ${TAR} -cpzf ${TempDir}/${ArchiveFile} ${TargetDir} 1>/dev/null 2>&1
      ReturnValue=$?
      ;;
    esac
    
    if [ ${ReturnValue} -ne 0 ]; then
      ## tar command failed.  Send warning email.
      f_sendmail "[Failure] MySQL Backup Failure - tar" "tar failed with return value of ${ReturnValue}"
      ErrorFlag=$((${ErrorFlag} + 2))
    fi
    
    ## Mount the remote folder. ##
    f_mount
    
    if [ -f ${OffsiteTestFile} ]; then
      ## Offline file found. Assuming failed mount.
      ErrorFlag=$((${ErrorFlag} + 16))
      echo "`date +%Y-%m-%d_%H:%M:%S` --- ERROR: Offline file detected: ${OffsiteTestFile}" >> ${LogFile}
      f_emergencyexit ${ErrorFlag}
    fi
    
    ## If destination folder does not exist, create it. Mainly for 1st time use.
    if [ ! -d ${OffsiteBackDir} ]; then
      mkdir -p ${OffsiteBackDir}
    fi
    
    FreeSpace=`df -k ${OffsiteDir} | grep ${OffsiteDir} | awk '{ print $3 }'`
    BackupSize=`ls -lak "${TempDir}/${ArchiveFile}" | awk '{ print $5 }'`
    
    ## Make sure space is available on the remote server to copy the file.
    if [ ${FreeSpace} -lt ${BackupSize} ]; then
      ## Not enough free space available.  Purge existing backups until there is room.
      EnoughSpace=0
      while [ ${EnoughSpace} -eq 0 ]
      do
        f_PurgeOldestArchive
        ReturnValue=$?
        case ${ReturnValue} in
        1)
          ## Cannot purge archives to free up space.  End program gracefully.
          echo "`date +%Y-%m-%d_%H:%M:%S` - ERROR: Not enough free space on ${OffsiteBackDir} and cannot purge old archives.  Script aborted." >> ${LogFile}
          ## Stop and exit the script with an error code.
          ErrorFlag=$((${ErrorFlag} + 4))
          f_emergencyexit ${ErrorFlag}
          ;;
        9)
          ## Configuration error, end program gracefully.
          echo "`date +%Y-%m-%d_%H:%M:%S` - ERROR: Configuration problem. Script aborted." >> ${LogFile}
          ## Stop and exit the script with an error code.
          ErrorFlag=$((${ErrorFlag} + 8))
          f_emergencyexit ${ErrorFlag}
          ;;
        esac
        FreeSpace=`df -k ${OffsiteDir} | grep ${OffsiteDir} | awk '{ print $3 }'`
        if [ ${FreeSpace} -gt ${BackupSize} ]; then
          ## Enough space is now available.
          EnoughSpace=1
        else
          ## Not enough space is available yet.
          EnoughSpace=0
        fi
      done
    fi
    
    ## Copy the backup to an offsite storage location.
    echo "`date +%Y-%m-%d_%H:%M:%S` --- Copying archive file to offsite location." >> ${LogFile}
    cp ${TempDir}/${ArchiveFile} ${OffsiteBackDir}/${ArchiveFile} 1>/dev/null 2>&1
    if [ ! -f ${OffsiteBackDir}/${ArchiveFile} ]; then
      ## NON-FATAL ERROR: Copy command did not work.  Send email notification.
      echo "`date +%Y-%m-%d_%H:%M:%S` --- WARNING: Remote copy failed. ${OffsiteBackDir}/${ArchiveFile} does not exist!" >> ${LogFile}
      f_sendmail "[Failure] MySQL Backup Failure - Remote Copy" "Remote copy failed. ${OffsiteBackDir}/${ArchiveFile} does not exist\n\nBackup file still remains in this location: ${Hostname}:${TempDir}/${ArchiveFile}"
    else
      ## Remove local copy of the compressed backup file
      rm ${TempDir}/${ArchiveFile}
    fi
    
    ## Unmount the Windows shared folder.
    f_umount
    
    ## Calculate total time for backup.
    FinishTime="$(date +%s)"
    ElapsedTime="$(expr ${FinishTime} - ${StartTime})"
    Hours=$((${ElapsedTime} / 3600))
    ElapsedTime=$((${ElapsedTime} - ${Hours} * 3600))
    Minutes=$((${ElapsedTime} / 60))
    Seconds=$((${ElapsedTime} - ${Minutes} * 60))
    
    echo "`date +%Y-%m-%d_%H:%M:%S` --- Total backup time: ${Hours} hour(s) ${Minutes} minute(s) ${Seconds} second(s)" >> ${LogFile}
    
    echo "`date +%Y-%m-%d_%H:%M:%S` - Database ${DatabaseName} backup completed." >> ${LogFile}
    
    ## Perform cleanup routine.
    f_cleanup
    
    ## Email the result to the administrator.
    if [ ${ErrorFlag} -eq 0 ]; then
      f_sendmail "[Success] Database Backup Success" "Database backup completed with no errors."
    else
      f_sendmail "[Failure] Database Backup ERROR" "Database backup failed.  ErrorFlag = ${ErrorFlag}"
    fi
    
    ## Exit with the combined return code value.
    exit ${ErrorFlag}
    Here is a sample of the log output:

    /var/log/db-ondemand-backup.log
    Code:
    2018-05-16_20:00:01 - Database mediawiki backup started.
    2018-05-16_20:00:02 --- Compressing archive: /var/temp/2018-05-16-20-00_db-mediawiki.tar.7z
    2018-05-16_20:00:05 --- Copying archive file to offsite location.
    2018-05-16_20:00:06 --- Total backup time: 0 hour(s) 0 minute(s) 5 second(s)
    2018-05-16_20:00:06 - Database mediawiki backup completed.
    2018-05-17_20:00:02 - Database mediawiki backup started.
    2018-05-17_20:00:02 --- Compressing archive: /var/temp/2018-05-17-20-00_db-mediawiki.tar.7z
    2018-05-17_20:00:07 --- Copying archive file to offsite location.
    2018-05-17_20:00:11 --- Total backup time: 0 hour(s) 0 minute(s) 9 second(s)
    2018-05-17_20:00:11 - Database mediawiki backup completed.
    2018-05-18_20:01:01 - Database mediawiki backup started.
    2018-05-18_20:01:02 --- Compressing archive: /var/temp/2018-05-18-20-01_db-mediawiki.tar.7z
    2018-05-18_20:01:03 --- Copying archive file to offsite location.
    2018-05-18_20:01:04 --- Total backup time: 0 hour(s) 0 minute(s) 3 second(s)
    2018-05-18_20:01:04 - Database mediawiki backup completed.
    2018-05-19_20:01:01 - Database mediawiki backup started.
    2018-05-19_20:01:02 --- Compressing archive: /var/temp/2018-05-19-20-01_db-mediawiki.tar.7z
    2018-05-19_20:01:03 --- Copying archive file to offsite location.
    2018-05-19_20:01:03 --- Total backup time: 0 hour(s) 0 minute(s) 2 second(s)
    2018-05-19_20:01:03 - Database mediawiki backup completed.
    Here is a sample of the files stored on the offsite server:

    D:\MariaDB\ondemand\
    Code:
    2018-05-16-20-00_db-mediawiki.tar.7z
    2018-05-17-20-00_db-mediawiki.tar.7z
    2018-05-18-20-01_db-mediawiki.tar.7z
    2018-05-19-20-01_db-mediawiki.tar.7z

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