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Thread: How to install and configure an Ubuntu Server 18.04 LTS

  1. #21
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    Lightbulb Partition-Level Restores

    Restore Partitions Using SystemRescueCD and FSArchiver

    Partitions cannot be mounted when restoring to them. If services can be stopped that use files on a specific partition, it can be unmounted and restored. However, the root partition can never be restore while the server is online so these instructions will cover the common denominator which requires taking the server offline.

    The server needs to be booted up with a CD but not just any CD will do because it needs to have FSArchiver on it. For this document, the ISO image from www.sysresccd.org will be used.

    Once downloaded, the ISO can be burned to a CD-ROM disc or uploaded to your ISO repository such as a LUN. VMware and VirtualBox can attach an ISO image and mount it in the CD-ROM device to allow the virtual machine to boot the ISO image.

    For this example, the root and srv partitions will be restored.

    Be sure the partitions have been backed up and the files are sitting in the /bak volume.

    Code:
    ls -l /bak
    Code:
    -rw------- 1 root root  65888238 Apr 20 17:11 srv-ubuntu-boot.fsa
    -rw------- 1 root root        59 Apr 20 17:11 srv-ubuntu-boot.md5
    -rw------- 1 root root       745 Apr 20 17:11 srv-ubuntu-boot.txt
    -rw------- 1 root root      9027 Apr 20 17:13 srv-ubuntu-home.fsa
    -rw------- 1 root root        59 Apr 20 17:13 srv-ubuntu-home.md5
    -rw------- 1 root root       748 Apr 20 17:13 srv-ubuntu-home.txt
    -rw------- 1 root root   3564202 Apr 20 17:15 srv-ubuntu-opt.fsa
    -rw------- 1 root root        58 Apr 20 17:15 srv-ubuntu-opt.md5
    -rw------- 1 root root       749 Apr 20 17:15 srv-ubuntu-opt.txt
    -rw------- 1 root root 266145534 Apr 20 17:12 srv-ubuntu-root.fsa
    -rw------- 1 root root        59 Apr 20 17:12 srv-ubuntu-root.md5
    -rw------- 1 root root       751 Apr 20 17:12 srv-ubuntu-root.txt
    -rw------- 1 root root      5336 Apr 20 17:15 srv-ubuntu-srv.fsa
    -rw------- 1 root root        58 Apr 20 17:15 srv-ubuntu-srv.md5
    -rw------- 1 root root       747 Apr 20 17:15 srv-ubuntu-srv.txt
    -rw------- 1 root root      8853 Apr 20 17:13 srv-ubuntu-tmp.fsa
    -rw------- 1 root root        58 Apr 20 17:13 srv-ubuntu-tmp.md5
    -rw------- 1 root root       747 Apr 20 17:13 srv-ubuntu-tmp.txt
    -rw------- 1 root root 270704126 Apr 20 17:15 srv-ubuntu-usr.fsa
    -rw------- 1 root root        58 Apr 20 17:15 srv-ubuntu-usr.md5
    -rw------- 1 root root       750 Apr 20 17:15 srv-ubuntu-usr.txt
    -rw------- 1 root root  77218643 Apr 20 17:13 srv-ubuntu-var.fsa
    -rw------- 1 root root        58 Apr 20 17:13 srv-ubuntu-var.md5
    -rw------- 1 root root       749 Apr 20 17:13 srv-ubuntu-var.txt
    As a little test of the restore, let's delete the two text files created in the previous section:

    Code:
    rm /important.txt
    rm /srv/samba/share/important.txt
    These files should have been included in the backup image. When the restore is complete, these files should return.

    Insert the CDROM (or mount the ISO image) and boot the server with it.

    Here is the 1st screen:


    Option #1 was chosen (SystemRescueCd: default boot options)

    The next screen takes you to the command prompt:



    root@sysresccd /root % mkdir /mnt/test
    root@sysresccd /root % fsarchiver probe simple
    Code:
    [======DISK======] [=============NAME==============] [====SIZE====] [MAJ] [MIN]
    [sda             ] [Virtual disk                   ] [    10.00 GB] [  8] [  0]
    [sdb             ] [Virtual disk                   ] [    12.00 GB] [  8] [ 16]
    [sdc             ] [Virtual disk                   ] [    12.00 GB] [  8] [ 32]
    [sr0             ] [VMware IDE CDR10               ] [   545.51 MB] [ 11] [  0]
    
    [=====DEVICE=====] [==FILESYS==] [======LABEL======] [====SIZE====] [MAJ] [MIN]
    [loop0           ] [squashfs   ] [<unknown>        ] [   469.86 MB] [  7] [  0]
    [sda1            ] [ext2       ] [boot             ] [   476.00 MB] [  8] [  1]
    [sda5            ] [LVM2_member] [<unknown>        ] [     9.53 GB] [  8] [  5]
    [sdb1            ] [LVM2_member] [<unknown>        ] [    12.00 GB] [  8] [ 17]
    [sdc1            ] [LVM2_member] [<unknown>        ] [    12.00 GB] [  8] [ 33]
    [dm-0            ] [swap       ] [<unknown>        ] [     1.86 GB] [253] [  0]
    [dm-1            ] [ext4       ] [root             ] [     3.00 GB] [253] [  1]
    [dm-2            ] [ext4       ] [usr              ] [     4.00 GB] [253] [  2]
    [dm-3            ] [ext4       ] [var              ] [     3.00 GB] [253] [  3]
    [dm-4            ] [ext4       ] [tmp              ] [     2.00 GB] [253] [  4]
    [dm-5            ] [ext4       ] [bak              ] [     4.00 GB] [253] [  5]
    [dm-6            ] [ext4       ] [srv              ] [     2.00 GB] [253] [  6]
    [dm-7            ] [ext4       ] [opt              ] [     2.00 GB] [253] [  7]
    [dm-8            ] [ext4       ] [home             ] [     1.00 GB] [253] [  8]
    root@sysresccd /root % mkdir /bak
    root@sysresccd /root % mount --read-only /dev/dm-5 /bak
    root@sysresccd /root % ls -l /bak
    Code:
    -rw------- 1 root root  65888238 Apr 20 22:11 srv-ubuntu-boot.fsa
    -rw------- 1 root root        59 Apr 20 22:11 srv-ubuntu-boot.md5
    -rw------- 1 root root       745 Apr 20 22:11 srv-ubuntu-boot.txt
    -rw------- 1 root root      9027 Apr 20 22:13 srv-ubuntu-home.fsa
    -rw------- 1 root root        59 Apr 20 22:13 srv-ubuntu-home.md5
    -rw------- 1 root root       748 Apr 20 22:13 srv-ubuntu-home.txt
    -rw------- 1 root root   3564202 Apr 20 22:15 srv-ubuntu-opt.fsa
    -rw------- 1 root root        58 Apr 20 22:15 srv-ubuntu-opt.md5
    -rw------- 1 root root       729 Apr 20 22:15 srv-ubuntu-opt.txt
    -rw------- 1 root root 266145534 Apr 20 22:12 srv-ubuntu-root.fsa
    -rw------- 1 root root        59 Apr 20 22:12 srv-ubuntu-root.md5
    -rw------- 1 root root       732 Apr 20 22:12 srv-ubuntu-root.txt
    -rw------- 1 root root      5336 Apr 20 22:15 srv-ubuntu-srv.fsa
    -rw------- 1 root root        58 Apr 20 22:15 srv-ubuntu-srv.md5
    -rw------- 1 root root       728 Apr 20 22:15 srv-ubuntu-srv.txt
    -rw------- 1 root root 270704126 Apr 20 22:15 srv-ubuntu-usr.fsa
    -rw------- 1 root root        58 Apr 20 22:15 srv-ubuntu-usr.md5
    -rw------- 1 root root       730 Apr 20 22:15 srv-ubuntu-usr.txt
    -rw------- 1 root root  77218643 Apr 20 22:13 srv-ubuntu-var.fsa
    -rw------- 1 root root        58 Apr 20 22:13 srv-ubuntu-var.md5
    -rw------- 1 root root       730 Apr 20 22:13 srv-ubuntu-var.txt
    root@sysresccd /root % md5sum --check /bak/srv-ubuntu-srv.md5
    Code:
    /bak/srv-ubuntu-srv.fsa: OK
    root@sysresccd /root % fsarchiver restfs --cryptpass="abc123" /bak/srv-ubuntu-srv.fsa id=0,dest=/dev/dm-6
    Code:
    Statistics for filesystem 0
    * files successfully processed:....regfiles=1, directories=4, symlinks=0, hardlinks=0, specials=0
    * files with errors:...............regfiles=0, directories=0, symlinks=0, hardlinks=0, specials=0
    root@sysresccd /root % mount --read-only /dev/dm-6 /mnt/test
    root@sysresccd /root % ls -l /mnt/test/samba/share
    Code:
    -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 20 17:00 important.txt
    root@sysresccd /root % umount /mnt/test
    root@sysresccd /root % md5sum --check /bak/srv-ubuntu-root.md5
    Code:
    /bak/srv-ubuntu-root.fsa: OK
    root@sysresccd /root % fsarchiver restfs --cryptpass="abc123" /bak/srv-ubuntu-root.fsa id=0,dest=/dev/dm-1
    Code:
    Statistics for filesystem 1
    * files successfully processed:....regfiles=8938, directories=1693, symlinks=855, hardlinks=11, specials=80
    * files with errors:...............regfiles=0, directories=0, symlinks=0, hardlinks=0, specials=0
    root@sysresccd /root % mount --read-only /dev/dm-1 /mnt/test
    root@sysresccd /root % ls -l /mnt/test
    Code:
    drwxr-xr-x   3 root root  4096 Apr 20 12:25 bak
    drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 Apr 20 12:37 bin
    drwxr-xr-x   4 root root  4096 Apr 20 12:36 boot
    drwxr-xr-x  14 root root  4096 Apr 20 09:17 dev
    drwxr-xr-x  90 root root  4096 Apr 20 09:17 etc
    drwxr-xr-x   4 root root  1024 Apr 20 10:20 home
    -rw-r--r--   1 root root     0 Apr 20 17:00 important.txt
    lrwxrwxrwx   1 root root    33 Apr 20 10:33 initrd.img -> /boot/initrd.img-4.15.0-15-generic
    drwxr-xr-x  17 root root  4096 Apr 20 12:34 lib
    drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 Apr 20 10:16 lib64
    drwx------   2 root root 16384 Apr 20 10:15 lost+found
    drwxr-xr-x   4 root root  4096 Apr 20 10:16 media
    drwxr-xr-x   3 root root  4096 Apr 20 12:35 mnt
    drwxr-xr-x   3 root root  4096 Apr 20 10:15 opt
    dr-xr-xr-x 111 root root  4096 Apr  9 09:17 proc
    drwx------   3 root root  4096 Apr 20 19:57 root
    drwxr-xr-x  15 root root  4096 Apr 20 09:18 run
    drwxr-xr-x   2 root root 12288 Apr 20 12:37 sbin
    drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 Apr 20 10:16 snap
    drwxr-xr-x   4 root root  4096 Apr 20 08:34 srv
    drwxr-xr-x  13 root root  4096 Apr  9 09:17 sys
    drwxrwxrwt   4 root root  4096 Apr 20 09:18 tmp
    drwxr-xr-x  11 root root  4096 Apr 20 10:16 usr
    drwxr-xr-x  14 root root  4096 Apr 20 13:08 var
    lrwxrwxrwx   1 root root    30 Apr 20 10:33 vmlinuz -> boot/vmlinuz-4.15.0-15-generic
    root@sysresccd /root % umount /mnt/test

    Eject the CDROM/ISO and reboot the server.

    If it worked right, the server will boot up (we restored the root file system) and the test files should have been restored.

    NOTE: If you noticed any ext file systems that had <unknown> labels, you can update them using the tune2fs command.
    Example 1:
    Code:
    tune2fs /dev/sda1 -L boot
    Example 2:
    Code:
    tune2fs /dev/dm-0 root
    Last edited by LHammonds; September 6th, 2019 at 09:34 PM. Reason: Match the author site

  2. #22
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    Lightbulb Migrating Users from one server to another

    Migrating users/groups from one server to another

    WARNING: These migration commands are thoroughly tested by me...just jotting down these research notes for future testing.

    Commands to run on old server

    Copy accounts to passwd.mig using awk to filter out system accounts (i.e. only copy user accounts)
    Code:
    awk -v LIMIT=1000 -F: '($3>=LIMIT) && ($3!=65534)' /etc/passwd > /tmp/passwd.mig
    Copy groups to group.mig
    Code:
    awk -v LIMIT=1000 -F: '($3>=LIMIT) && ($3!=65534)' /etc/group > /tmp/group.mig
    Copy shadow to shadow.mig
    Code:
    awk -v LIMIT=1000 -F: '($3>=LIMIT) && ($3!=65534) {print $1}' /etc/passwd | tee - |egrep -f - /etc/shadow > /tmp/shadow.mig
    Copy gshadow to gshadow.mig (rarely used):
    Code:
    cp /etc/gshadow /tmp/gshadow.mig
    Backup the home directories.
    Code:
    tar -zcvpf /tmp/home.tar.gz /home
    If you have Samba users...
    Code:
    cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /tmp/smb.mig
    cp /etc/samba/smbusers /tmp/smbusers.mig
    cp /etc/samba/smbpasswd /tmp/smbpasswd.mig
    Transfer the migration files to new server.
    Code:
    scp /tmp/*.mig administrator@newserver:/tmp/.
    scp /tmp/home.tar.gz administrator@newserver:/tmp/.
    Commands to run on new server

    Backup current files (and their backups).
    Code:
    mkdir /root/save
    cp /etc/passwd /etc/passwd- /etc/shadow /etc/shadow- /etc/group /etc/group- /etc/gshadow /etc/gshadow- /root/save
    If you have Samba users, backup your current files.
    Code:
    cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smbusers /etc/samba/smbpasswd /root/save
    Merge/Overwrite files.
    Code:
    cat /tmp/passwd.mig >> /etc/passwd
    cat /tmp/group.mig >> /etc/group
    cat /tmp/shadow.mig >> /etc/shadow
    cp /tmp/gshadow.mig /etc/gshadow
    Ensure file ownership and permissions are correct.
    Code:
    chown root:shadow /etc/shadow /etc/gshadow
    chmod 640 /etc/shadow /etc/gshadow
    chown root:root /etc/passwd /etc/group
    chmod 644 /etc/passwd /etc/group
    If you have Samba users...
    Code:
    cp /tmp/smb.mig /etc/samba/smb.conf
    cp /tmp/smbusers.mig /etc/samba/smbusers
    cp /tmp/smbpasswd.mig /etc/samba/smbpasswd
    Extract home directories.
    Code:
    cd /
    tar -zxvf /tmp/home.tar.gz
    Reboot system for new user accounts to take effect.
    Code:
    reboot
    Last edited by LHammonds; September 6th, 2019 at 09:34 PM. Reason: Match the author site

  3. #23
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    Lightbulb Server Replacement

    Replacing a server with a new one

    If you want to keep SSH keys and the fingerprint from changing when swapping out an old server for a new one (e.g. old FTPS server to new FTPS which interfaces with many 3rd-party vendors), these are the steps needed to keep the system looking the same.

    The old server name and the new server name must match. Example: srv-ftps

    Make sure the sshd configuration files on both servers are pointing to the same files (filenames and paths)

    Code:
    vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config
    Look for section like this:
    Code:
    # HostKeys for protocol version 2
    HostKey /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key
    HostKey /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key
    HostKey /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ecdsa_key
    HostKey /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key
    If there are differences, figure out if they matter and if so, make sure the transferred files on the new server are being referenced correctly in the config file on the new server.

    Commands to run on old server

    Transfer files to new server
    Code:
    scp /etc/ssh/ssh_host* administrator@newserver:/tmp/.
    Commands to run on new server

    Backup existing files
    Code:
    mkdir /root/ssh-backup
    cp /etc/ssh/ssh_host* /root/ssh-backup/.
    Set correct file ownership and permissions
    Code:
    chown root:root /tmp/ssh_host*
    chmod 600 /tmp/ssh_host*
    chmod 644 /tmp/ssh_host*.pub
    Move and overwrite files to correct location
    Code:
    mv /tmp/ssh_host* /etc/ssh/.
    Restart SSH daemon
    Code:
    service ssh restart
    You will also want to copy over individual user's public keys in their ~/.ssh/authorized_keys but if you transferred the contents of the /home folder, this was already done.
    Last edited by LHammonds; September 6th, 2019 at 09:35 PM. Reason: Match the author site

  4. #24
    Join Date
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    Lightbulb Trouble-Shooting

    Boot Issues

    Code:
    systemd-analyze plot > /srv/samba/share/boot.xml
    Open boot.xml in a web browser to examine the boot process to see if anything is taking longer than it should.

    Code:
    systemd-analyze blame
    This shows a list of all running processes ordered by the time it took to initialize. Be careful not to judge a process too harshly at 1st sight...it may have been waiting on another process to initialize 1st.

    Code:
    dmesg > /tmp/boot.txt
    Open boot.txt and observe the order of events from the moment it starts its boot all the way to the end. The events are ordered by time and it shows how much time has passed since the machine was turned on for that particular event to occur.
    Last edited by LHammonds; September 6th, 2019 at 09:35 PM. Reason: Match the author site

  5. #25
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    Re: How to install and configure an Ubuntu Server 18.04 LTS

    FYI - My HammondsLegacy.com tutorial site might go offline for a while due to financial issues but it will return once things become stable again.

    EDIT 2018-12-05: My company closed down and my site will go offline soon. Once things become stable, I will get the site back up and all the links should start working again.
    Last edited by LHammonds; December 5th, 2018 at 09:43 PM.

  6. #26
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    Re: How to install and configure an Ubuntu Server 18.04 LTS

    Thread updated to match the changes made to the original post on HammondsLegacy.com. Most significant change being the replacement of the swap partition with a swap file.

    LHammonds

  7. #27
    Join Date
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    Re: How to install and configure an Ubuntu Server 18.04 LTS

    Thread updated to match the changes made to the original post on HammondsLegacy.com. Most significant changes being scripts.

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