I have been having problems installing Ubuntu Ubuntu 17.10.1 and Linux Mint 18.3 Sylvia (uses same install system), with errors popping up about the Boot Loader failing to install and grub failing to install. So far, no one has been able to truly pin-point the exact cause or really solve it, with only trial-and-error ending up inadvertently solving it. But I want to suggest a more solid solution and cause, from my testing.
References to the error:
1.) https://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=1631746
2.) https://askubuntu.com/questions/6895...install-failed
As mentioned, the error leads to pop-ups that cannot be closed and all buttons on the pop-ups don't work.
PROPOSED SOLUTION:
Steps:
1.) When prompted to "Run Ubuntu without Installing", choose that. Then run the Ubuntu installer from whatever media you put it on.
2.) Choose "Something Else" when choosing how to install on the hard drive. Choose "Make a New Partition Table". Make sure to make a UEFI partition of about 300 MB first, and then make whatever other partitions you need.
3.) When one of the errors pops up "Boot Loader Install Failed" or "grub failed to install" that you are locked into and can't close, go to the Applications menu at the lower left of the whole screen and search for System Monitor. At the Processes list in the System Monitor, change the listing to All Processes using the = button at the top right. Then right-click on xorg or x-server and kill it. (If you have another way to end the pop-ups and close the installer program, please do tell.) Ubuntu live should restart automatically.
4.) Start the Ubuntu installer again, with the same steps 1-2. Make sure to choose "Make a New Partition Table" again and remake ALL the partitions from scratch. This should allow the installer to continue.
Based on how well and consistently this worked for me, and how it only showed that it would change 3 partitions the first time (UEFI, / {root}, /home) and only 2 partitions the second time (/ {root}, /home), I suggest that the installer needs the UEFI partition to be pre-installed for it to install properly. Maybe this is an installer issue/bug, but this is the limit of my knowledge and observations at this time. Please fill in any gaps if you know.
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