It is rather easy to test the RAM (if you can boot into a live drive in BIOS mode: Select memtest.
It is rather easy to check the S.M.A.R.T. status of the internal drive. Use Disks (gnome-disks). Install it if it is not yet installed.
You can check the file system including bad blocks with the following command (when booted from a live drive),
Code:
sudo e2fsck -cf /dev/sdxy
where x is the drive letter and y is the partition number.
If the power supply unit is failing, it might deliver too low voltage, which can cause various problems.
If there is too much dust inside the computer, it might get overheated, which can cause various problems. (Your problems do not look like they are caused by overheating, but who knows.)
But it can be difficult to identify problems with the motherboard.
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