Your Grub menu is missing some major components, but we should be able to boot from the grub prompt and then rebuild the grub.cfg file.
At the grub prompt:
Code:
set prefix=(hd0,5)/boot/grub
set root=(hd0,5)
linux /vmlinuz root=/dev/sda5 ro
initrd /initrd.img
boot
I believe the necessary modules are already loaded. If you get an error message about a missing module, run this command with the module name:
Code:
insmod (hd0,5)/boot/grub/<module_name>.mod
Once it boots, run
then run this command to see if the proper menuentries were generated. You should have at least one menuentry with "3.0.0-15-generic" as an available kernel.
Code:
grep "menuentry" /boot/grub/grub.cfg
I see you have some 10_linux proxy files - perhaps you tried Grub Customizer?
Make sure your scripts in the /etc/grub.d folder are executable if you still don't have at least one menuentry:
Code:
sudo chmod +x /etc/grub.d/10_linux /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober
sudo update-grub
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