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If an external drive, you probably want an ESP - efi system partition on that drive.
Ubuntu's Ubiquity will only install to ESP on first internal drive.
You can then only boot external drive from...

I like to do new install to another / (root) partition and use 30GB. But do not use snaps which seem to be larger.
I do keep /home inside my /, but have all data in separate data partition(s)...

I use rsync for backup, not timeshift. Someone using timeshift may know.
But it looks like your backup partition?

To get to users that use timeshift, best to post new thread with that in title,...

UEFI uses GUID aka partUUID.
If you compare partUUID with UEFI entry you will see the same very long number:
sudo efibootmgr -v
lsblk -o name,mountpoint,label,size,fstype,uuid,partuuid | egrep -v...

You normally set a FAT32 partition as the ESP - efi system partition with the esp flag and the boot flag using gparted (right click).
Only one FAT32 as ESP per drive or device.
Although some have...

Copying to it may have been a mistake as it overwrote something.

What does testdisk show for sdc drive?
It looks like you may have installed your Nature Watch to drive totally overwriting it.
...

My Toshiba laptop from 2006, purchased 2 weeks before Vista released with XP & "Vista Ready" had only 1.5GB of RAM.
I used to be able to install full Ubuntu, but terribly slow, so changed to...

Be sure to have working copy of live installer & know how to add Boot-Repair.
I have done all these commands on my system with various versions of Ubuntu, but not Mint. If issues or typos, you may...

It used to be that you could not see drive at all with RST.
But it looks now like it tries to see it:

Are you able to go into UEFI one time boot menu (same place as you booted live installer) and boot ubuntu entry?

Grub only boots working Windows, so make sure you have a Windows repair/recovery...

What model HP?

Newer UEFI system or older BIOS based system?
If UEFI have you updated UEFI and if SSD, updated firmware?
Made Windows repair recovery disk and have good backups?

If UEFI...

What model Asus?

Did you change to AHCI? You need first to install Windows AHCI driver before changing drive settings in UEFI....

Look at line 93 in report, it is the same as sudo efibootmgr -v.
And it shows your UEFI entry.


BootOrder: 0000,2002,0001,2003,2001
Boot0000* ubuntu ...

You cannot have different email for SSO and Ubuntu forums.
That is how they are linked.

Single Sign On
https://help.ubuntu.com/community/SSO/FAQs/Delete_SSO_Account
Login now by means of Ubuntu...

It says grub reinstalled correctly.
So you may have boot issue after grub.
What video card?
You show a lot of local network mounts. If system boots too fast network may not be available, or if...

I used to add my own cron job.
But now it is a systemd item.

fred@z170-focal-k:~$ systemctl status fstrim.timer

I do change mount in fstab to use noatime.
Be sure to have good backups as once...

Again the UEFI boot mode is only for your installed system.
How you boot install media is how it installs.

Every brand UEFI is different, but screen shot shows two entries for Toshiba flash...

You booted Ubuntu live installer in UEFI boot mode.

And Ubuntu's Ubiquity only installs grub's UEFI boot files into ESP - efi system partition on first drive seen. Usually sda or first NVMe drive....

The Ubuntu ISO is configured for both UEFI or BIOS boot.

Rufus creates either UEFI or BIOS only versions. You can try that if desired.

But it should just be a choice in UEFI one time boot menu,...

If you have the hybrid configured flash drive, it is the way you choose to boot it.

The settings in UEFI apply to all internal drives, so if HDD is an internal drive then UEFI settings of UEFI or...

How you boot install media is then how it installs or repairs.

Some tools that create installer like Rufus create either a BIOS/MBR installer only or a UEFI/gpt installer only. Other tools create...

If Windows is in BIOS boot mode on MBR drive, you need to install Ubuntu in BIOS boot mode.
But Microsoft has required vendors to install in UEFI mode to gpt drives since 2012.
But upgrades from...

Good to know, going to add Optane to title so future searches may find it, also.

If you have manually edited fstab and chrooted into it to update grub.
Or edited all UUID instances of one boot stanza, I would think that would work.

If UEFI you have have to edit...

I see that is a very new system with the new Intel Iris Xe Graphics.

To use both the Intel Iris Xe graphics and Intel Iris Xe MAX graphics
Intel Xe MAX Needs Two Linux Kernels For Now - Meaning...