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Can you get into Control Panel on Windows and get me the model of the wifi and possibly hardware ID?
https://www.wikihow.com/Find-Hardware-ID This shows how to find the hardware ID in Windows, just...

Can you use ethernet or use USB tethering to a smart phone? We don't know what will or won't work until you boot an ISO, you can actually play around in Ubuntu without installing it to the HDD

That should work, there is a video on youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yzAKcmlaH1M

Does it work with no hard block?

I have found a few things but we need to see if it works in a now unsupported Ubuntu release, the ISO can be found at https://old-releases.ubuntu.com/releases/14.04.1/ubuntu-14.04.1-desktop-amd64.iso...

That file is read only as it is read from BIOS, only the BIOS can change it. I have an idea that may or may not work and I doubt it can hurt anything, we can edit grub to pass some info to BIOS at...

This must be the key
[ 4.890857] Chip Version Info: CHIP_8188E_Normal_Chip_TSMC_UNKNOWN_CUT(10)_1T1R_RomVer(0)

As I installed the 5.8.0-41 kernel on my laptop and the dmesg shows

[ ...

How far away from the router are you and what manufacturer/model is the dongle? I have a small TP-Link one and it works on Ubuntu 18.04 with the 5.4 kernels but it doesn't have much range

The EFI...

This will likely cause ethernet to not work at all as the r8168 driver only works with a few chipsets the r8169 driver supports and they will likely need to do
sudo modprobe r8169
To have any...

Linux Mint 17 Qiana is no longer supported and could be vulnerable

I wonder if the Android device supports obex as I had that issue with an Android phone years ago

Developer mode can be used to change the default USB connection from charge only to file transfer

Go into BIOS settings system configuration, there might be an OS boot menu that needs to have ubuntu at the top, then press F10 twice, save settings and see if grub is default

That is strange as the boot loader is signed by Microsoft

I know I have Linux Mint on a 2 year old HP and it booted the ISO without an issue and I doubt Ubuntu would be any different. It might be an issue with how the ISO is put on DVD or USB. I am not an...

Secure Boot does not prevent Ubuntu from booting, either from ISO or from an install. After installing Ubuntu alongside Windows, go into the BIOS settings, system configuration, there might be a OS...

Have a look at https://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=2354328&p=13614520&#post13614520
The iwlwifi driver doesn't work well if TKIP encryption is being used or power management is enabled, check...

While in a kernel with working wifi do
sudo apt install git dkms
git clone https://github.com/jeremyb31/mt76.git
Then boot into the newest non working kernel

sudo dkms add ./mt76
sudo dkms...

Can you boot into 5.4.0-54 and enable proposed repos? Then in terminal do

sudo apt update && sudo apt install linux-generic

Shane, they changed the code on the github, try
sudo make dkms_install

This didn't happen with Ubuntu 16.04 or 18.04 installs. They should already know what needs to be updated for the hwe kernel to work in the LTS as the packages already work on the short term support...

I messed up the first command because of a copy/paste but kernel update issues are rare, I have only had one in 6 years but they do happen

Do
sudo apt purge backport-iwlwifi-dkms
sudo apt install --reinstall linux-headers-5.8.0-38-generic linux-modules-extra-5.8.0-38-generic
Reboot if no errors

Do
sudo apt install --reinstall linux-modules-extra-$(uname -r)
Reboot

What results for
dpkg -l | grep linux-modules-extra-$(uname -r); dkms status; modinfo iwlwifi