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It sounds like Lua meets most of those requirements:
http://www.lua.org/about.html

That code will not work on any modern Operating System ( Protected-Mode prevents user-land code from directly accessing the hardware http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_mode ).

The easiest...

That is a really good point. I bet that's how they got UPS ( http://ups.sourceforge.net/ ) to compile almost *everywhere* no matter the distro/flavor of the month.

Plenty of open-source options exist.

http://swish-e.org/

http://xapian.org/

http://www.htdig.org/

to name just a few from the huge list of search engines...

Replace "_start" with "main" and then use 'gcc' to link.

I believe his "C++ is a better C" was *his* way of promoting his new language. I'm positive he was aware of alternative ways of "doing OO" in straight C. Good info, all the same. Thanks. But as...

Answer: C++ was once implemented as a pre-processor + macros tacked onto a C compiler.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_preprocessor

My bad. Thanks for the quick correction.

Do you have any proof that C++ is an OO extension of C?? Are you able to cite a source to back-up your non-rational claim?

Both C and C++ inherit qualities from the same 'language family', but...

http://www.cprogramming.com/tutorial.html

http://primates.ximian.com/~flucifredi/man/

http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/man-db

It still counts toward application run time. Always keep syscalls to a minimum -- every context switch (going from User-space to System-space and then back again) is CPU expensive. It is always...

One could port Simple Machine Language to Lisp. Perhaps even present it in a cushy interface similar to _why's_ Hackety-Hack?

http://freshmeat.net/projects/sml

Well, those are 'beginners' -- one cannot expect them to already know about things they've not yet been exposed to. Just like any other bailiwick, it takes time and experience to develop new skills....

Yes, it was some time ago. The set is intuitive but memory-oriented. Not much different from the 8051/52 micro-controllers that were popular until the ARM recently usurped the stage. Come to think...

I once wrote an assembler for 6502. I had planned to also write an emulator/debugger system to complete the package, but I never did get around to doing that.

Well, if you are anything like me...

Yes. That is called the Basic Input/Output System.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIOS

Used to be, it was contained in ROM. But on modern machines, it usually resides in some sort of Flash-RAM.
...

Modern OS'en will not allow you to do so. Protected Mode means that the OS will complain if a user program attempts to access something it shouldn't.

That is correct. Don't run as 'root' while playing with system calls (this goes for C hackers too). I made the mistake once and screwed-up the file-system.
They do.


"segmented memory...

Start by reading some decent books/tutorials.

This one uses Nasm in combination with the C standard library:
http://www.drpaulcarter.com/pcasm/

Install Nasm from here: http://www.nasm.us/
...

Yeah, it is called a "RAM disk" and use to be popular back in the DOS days. Microsoft has a "sample" driver as a free download here: http://support.microsoft.com/kb/257405

But you can do a...

Well, stop Googling. Wikipedia has the stuff you are looking for:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventional_PCI

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_configuration_space
...

Quoting DangerOnTheRanger:
Hey, I know a lot of that stuff!
What I did to learn all that(and put it into practice) was to develop my own mini OS.
It's actually not too hard, just tedious...


...

In your original post, you said this: "What programming languages should we know to professionally work with linux"

So, yes, in the general case, market forces determine what languages you should...

It often helps to study other's code. Take a look at psensor:

http://freshmeat.net/projects/psensor