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It is the EFI System Partition and it is required for booting in UEFI no matter what OS you have.
I am guessing your issue is more related to grub and luks

If you delete that partition you might not be able to boot. The Ubuntu installer made that partition and it contains important boot loader files

I would boot into the ISO and use GParted to remove the bios boot flag from nvme0n1p2 and see if it boots

Check your phone notifications, it is probably asking if you want to give access. I see it on my A32 Samsung

Edit /etc/default/grub and add
pcie_port_pm=off pcie_aspm.policy=performance so it looks

GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash pcie_port_pm=off pcie_aspm.policy=performance"
Save and exit...

Post results for
modinfo btusb; sudo dmesg|egrep -i 'blue|firm'

Thread closed duplicate at https://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=2496613&p=14184607#post14184607

In terminal check
mokutil --sb
Secure Boot will need to be disabled for it to work, then

sudo apt install git dkms
git clone https://github.com/jeremyb31/bluetooth-6.5.git
sudo dkms add...

Can you change router encryption settings to allow only WPA2 AES without TKIP?

See the wireless script link in my signature and post results

There appears to be a lowlatency version in the repos

You aren't using the 6.5 kernel yet, still booted to 5.15.0-101-lowlatency

I take it you had a USB wifi device that you used to connect with? For the one device, you will need to disable Secure Boot in BIOS settings, or you could update to the 6.5 kernel

See the wireless script link in my signature and post results

Has the hybrid shutdown been disabled in Windows?

What happens if you delete the ` from the end of
GRUB_DISTRIBUTOR="Xubuntu26March"`

See the wireless script link in my signature and post results

Try
sudo depmod -a
Then reboot

So what is happening when you try to compile the modules from the source code on github?

Unplug the wifi, open terminal and run
sudo dmesg -w
Plug in the wifi wait 20 seconds, then paste terminal output here along with result for
modprobe -c | grep -i c811

The internal may...

Do a
cat wireless-info.txt|nc termbin.com 9999
Paste URL from terminal

See the wireless script link in my signature and post results

Try https://github.com/morrownr/8821cu-20210916

You may have to edit the Makefile in the source to allow the driver to build for raspi
What result from terminal for
dpkg --print-architecture

Check the power settings and see if automatic brightness control is on