Fri13
December 30th, 2009, 01:06 PM
Hi!
The humanity is that we try to preserve the truth and protect it from lies. Isn't it? We do not lie to each other, we do not try to use those who do not know complex technology as advantage for us? It is sad that some companies can hide the real truth behind nice curtains about humanity if they do not even follow it themself.
I have now years watched the Ubuntu site of https://help.ubuntu.com/8.04/installation-guide/powerpc/what-is-linux.html and I have waited that being fixed. But now I want to ask is it going to be fixed, but I dont think so because two things. 1) Ubuntu people does not see problems at it (because 2). 2) The Ubuntu people are fans of GNU and does not care about technical correctness but simplicity.
Move this to correct subforum if needed, but this is about improving forum and the Ubuntu community itself!
This is only about technology and history of operating systems, not about ideology, fame hunting etc. Simply, it is about humanity to next generations to preserve the truth.
Basic reading
http://www.usenix.org/publications/login/2006-04/openpdfs/herder.pdf
http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0130313580/ref=sib_dp_pt#reader-link
http://www.gridbus.org/~raj/microkernel/chap2.pdf
http://www.topology.org/linux/lingl.html
+ The Attachments
The common errors by the people and on the Ubuntu site
Linux is an operating system: a series of programs that let you interact with your computer and run other programs.
Linux kernel is the operating system in the software system. The operating system is not a series of programs and user does not interact the hardware (like CPU, Memory, Harddrives) or the operating system but the system programs and application programs.
An operating system consists of various fundamental programs which are needed by your computer so that it can communicate and receive instructions from users; read and write data to hard disks, tapes, and printers; control the use of memory; and run other software.
The operating system does not consist from various programs. None of the system programs, software libraries or application programs could work on the hardware without the operating system, if those softwares does not include the operating codes of hardware what the operating system does.
The operating system does not get commands from the user straight. The user interact with the system programs like command interpreters (bash etc) or window managers and application programs (Xorg+Windowmaker+Firefox) and those softwares interact through other softwares to the operating system what controls all them. The operating system only task is to operate the hardware and software; memory, filesystems, processes, networking and so on. And Offer them to the each others.
The most important part of an operating system is the kernel. In a GNU/Linux system, Linux is the kernel component. The rest of the system consists of other programs, many of which were written by or for the GNU Project.
That is assumption what is based to server-client architecture. There are different architectures for operating systems. 1. Monolithic 2. Server-Client 3. Layered.
The monolithic operating system is a kernel alone. The kernel has all the operating system features inside of it. The monolithic was first a single binary running in kernel space. But later they got modular structure where some functions of the operating system can be de-attached when not needed and attached back when needed. The mechanism is in the binary level and not architecture level.
The mounted module works like it would never be de-attached. None of the other softwares in the software system does not belong to the operating system. Monolithic kernel is the original way to build the operating system and offers all system calls alone to the other sofware (system call wrappers are not part of the operating system).
The Monolithic kernel runs alone in supervisor mode. The operating system is the monolithic kernel (example monolithic operating systems are Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, DragonBSD, SunOS, HP-UX, AIX, PARAS).
Server-Client operating system is kernel + servers/modules. The reason to develop this architecture was to build up a secure, stable and easier developed operating system, it being still slower than monolithic. The monolithic operating system was sliced to pieces. There was left a tiny kernel what only included basic features of the OS. And every other OS part (device drivers, filesystems, networking etc) were modules what were running alone and offered the system calls for system libraries, system programs and application programs, for all the other software on the software system. The original (pure) idea of server-client architecture was that every module is moved to other address space in supervisor mode like the kernel, and every module is running in protected process thread as the client to the microkernel acting like the server. The operating system is microkernel + modules. (example of server-client operating systems are Hurd (microkerne is GNU Mach), XNU (Microkernel is Mach), NT, Minix, MkLinux (Microkernel is Mach 3.0), KFreeBSD)
The Layered operating system is like a server-client but every module is top of each other. Every layer offers own services to one on top of them and ask functions from one under them. The microkernel running bottom of all OS parts.
The marketing propaganda of Hybrid kernel is actually a Server-Client operating system. But it does not have a the original structure of it, but some (or all) modules are moved back to the same address space where the microkernel is running. Idea was to have a as fast OS as the monolithic was but still secure and stable as the original server-client had. The operating system still has the microkernel and the kernel is not changed at all to be such it would gain a new architecture.
One point MS and Apple marketed their OS's NT and XNU as hybrid kernels but at least MS has stopped it and says NT has a microkernel. Apple still continues calling XNU as hybrid, even that the XNU has the Mach 3.0 microkernel.
Because the Linux kernel alone does not form a working operating system, we prefer to use the term “GNU/Linux” to refer to systems that many people casually refer to as “Linux”.
Wrong assumption! The linux is a monolithic kernel and not microkernel. The Linux is whole operating system alone. It does not need any software and especially from the GNU project. The GNU Project has their own OS under development, called Hurd. The Hurd is not a kernel but the operating system whats kernel is GNU Mach and it is a microkernel. The Linux is the name of the operating system what is monolithic kernel. And by GNU/Linux propaganda what Canonical continues to spread, the Linux has needed to get a synonym "Linux kernel" what really still is same as Linux.
Linux is modelled on the Unix operating system. From the start, Linux was designed to be a multi-tasking, multi-user system. These facts are enough to make Linux different from other well-known operating systems. However, Linux is even more different than you might imagine. In contrast to other operating systems, nobody owns Linux. Much of its development is done by unpaid volunteers.
Linux is monolithic kernel what is the original way to build up a operating system. And it is 4th Generation Unix-like operating system. And most of the development of the Linux operating system (it is still the kernel) is done by corporations like RedHat and Novell. Only few % comes from unpaid volunteers. It still does not change that Linux is the operating system who no one owns. Because GPL license is protecting it. Kudos for that.
Linux is also less likely to crash, better able to run more than one program at the same time, and more secure than many operating systems. With these advantages, Linux is the fastest growing operating system in the server market. More recently, Linux has begun to be popular among home and business users as well.
Linux really is secure operating system but there is a more secure version of it, called SELinux (it is Linux but to be accurate, it is SELinux). And Linux has gained very strong support for supercomputers and normal servers because of it's stability and speed.
The speed is very important feature of the operating systems for supercomputers and thats why the monolithic operating system still is best choice to the supercomputer.
Thats why GNU has not got their own OS Hurd to be developed because it is much slower on servers because it has a server-client architecture and even has bad choice to use Mach 3.0 as their microkernel (RMS has said so) because they did not get own kernel working.
And Linux has got foot between door on cellphone markets as well. Linux is the operating system powering the Android and Maemo and many other cellphone software platforms. That makes Linux one of the greatest OS of the time.
And thing what GNU project has done helping it to happend, is the GPLv2 license what Linus Torvalds used instead his own.
But that is not a reason to call it GNU/Linux at all, because the GPL license does not make purpose for it. Otherwise we should call softwares like Firefox and OpenOffice as GNU/Firefox and GNU/OpenOffice etc.
The whole GNU/Linux is biased only about GNU's unlogical ethics and fame hunting for operating system what the project itself couldn't develop. The computer science is very clear about the operating system functions, it is pure science and mathematic, no ideological about freedom and licensed etc. It is software what humans has developed and what they teach on universities (like the one where Linus Torvalds got his degree or where Andrew S.Tanenbaum teaches the operating systems functions).
And some people tries to make it easier to understand by calling all kernels as "only the kernel" without actually understanding that there is big difference between microkernel and monolithic kernel.
And some of the same people have tried to show that what you see in the screen, is the operating system. They try to keep everything so simple that the truth is hided behind assumptions and assumptions turns as truth and it overrules the technology and science. It is very difficult for normal user to understand the software because they can not touch it, they can not see it how it works and they do not understand the software meaning.
Maybe the biggest fight about GNU/Linux vs Linux has gone about how popular the name is among normal people and technical people. And about the stupid unlogical reasons how the Linux needs GNU software because other sofware does not run without GNU software. It is like saying that every GNU software should be Intel/GNU or AMD/GNU or x86/GNU and PPC/GNU because GNU software does not run without CPU. Or that the GNU software should be called as ElectricityCompany/GNU because the computer does not run without electricity.
And in the end we just would end up to situation calling it Electricity/COmputerManufacturer/Linux/GNU/Xorg/KDE/ because without those you could not run the Kmail or Kopete. The GNU project is important, but it has nothing to do with the operating system. As far Ubuntu is not ran by GNU's own operating system Hurd, the operating system has nothing to do with the GNU project.
This just does not make it less important how great softwares the GNU project has developed. Even that software was libre before the GNU project existed or RMS studied on MIT. It is just great how GNU project has kept the software as libre and did not allow it to be fallen in total control of big corporations. Kudos from THAT!
If Canonical wants to follow their own Code of Conduct and offer humanity to everyone one, without being biased. They need to stop using the GNU/Linux -term. It is pure lie and lies are not good base for the freedom and especially for the truth.
So give the credit for them who deservers it and for what they have done.
That means Linus Torvalds is the founder of the Linux operating system and Richard Stallman is the founder of GNU Project to protect libre software.
And Canonical to package the Linux operating system, GNU software and other open source softwares so we can have such software system that is easy to use.
The humanity is that we try to preserve the truth and protect it from lies. Isn't it? We do not lie to each other, we do not try to use those who do not know complex technology as advantage for us? It is sad that some companies can hide the real truth behind nice curtains about humanity if they do not even follow it themself.
I have now years watched the Ubuntu site of https://help.ubuntu.com/8.04/installation-guide/powerpc/what-is-linux.html and I have waited that being fixed. But now I want to ask is it going to be fixed, but I dont think so because two things. 1) Ubuntu people does not see problems at it (because 2). 2) The Ubuntu people are fans of GNU and does not care about technical correctness but simplicity.
Move this to correct subforum if needed, but this is about improving forum and the Ubuntu community itself!
This is only about technology and history of operating systems, not about ideology, fame hunting etc. Simply, it is about humanity to next generations to preserve the truth.
Basic reading
http://www.usenix.org/publications/login/2006-04/openpdfs/herder.pdf
http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0130313580/ref=sib_dp_pt#reader-link
http://www.gridbus.org/~raj/microkernel/chap2.pdf
http://www.topology.org/linux/lingl.html
+ The Attachments
The common errors by the people and on the Ubuntu site
Linux is an operating system: a series of programs that let you interact with your computer and run other programs.
Linux kernel is the operating system in the software system. The operating system is not a series of programs and user does not interact the hardware (like CPU, Memory, Harddrives) or the operating system but the system programs and application programs.
An operating system consists of various fundamental programs which are needed by your computer so that it can communicate and receive instructions from users; read and write data to hard disks, tapes, and printers; control the use of memory; and run other software.
The operating system does not consist from various programs. None of the system programs, software libraries or application programs could work on the hardware without the operating system, if those softwares does not include the operating codes of hardware what the operating system does.
The operating system does not get commands from the user straight. The user interact with the system programs like command interpreters (bash etc) or window managers and application programs (Xorg+Windowmaker+Firefox) and those softwares interact through other softwares to the operating system what controls all them. The operating system only task is to operate the hardware and software; memory, filesystems, processes, networking and so on. And Offer them to the each others.
The most important part of an operating system is the kernel. In a GNU/Linux system, Linux is the kernel component. The rest of the system consists of other programs, many of which were written by or for the GNU Project.
That is assumption what is based to server-client architecture. There are different architectures for operating systems. 1. Monolithic 2. Server-Client 3. Layered.
The monolithic operating system is a kernel alone. The kernel has all the operating system features inside of it. The monolithic was first a single binary running in kernel space. But later they got modular structure where some functions of the operating system can be de-attached when not needed and attached back when needed. The mechanism is in the binary level and not architecture level.
The mounted module works like it would never be de-attached. None of the other softwares in the software system does not belong to the operating system. Monolithic kernel is the original way to build the operating system and offers all system calls alone to the other sofware (system call wrappers are not part of the operating system).
The Monolithic kernel runs alone in supervisor mode. The operating system is the monolithic kernel (example monolithic operating systems are Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, DragonBSD, SunOS, HP-UX, AIX, PARAS).
Server-Client operating system is kernel + servers/modules. The reason to develop this architecture was to build up a secure, stable and easier developed operating system, it being still slower than monolithic. The monolithic operating system was sliced to pieces. There was left a tiny kernel what only included basic features of the OS. And every other OS part (device drivers, filesystems, networking etc) were modules what were running alone and offered the system calls for system libraries, system programs and application programs, for all the other software on the software system. The original (pure) idea of server-client architecture was that every module is moved to other address space in supervisor mode like the kernel, and every module is running in protected process thread as the client to the microkernel acting like the server. The operating system is microkernel + modules. (example of server-client operating systems are Hurd (microkerne is GNU Mach), XNU (Microkernel is Mach), NT, Minix, MkLinux (Microkernel is Mach 3.0), KFreeBSD)
The Layered operating system is like a server-client but every module is top of each other. Every layer offers own services to one on top of them and ask functions from one under them. The microkernel running bottom of all OS parts.
The marketing propaganda of Hybrid kernel is actually a Server-Client operating system. But it does not have a the original structure of it, but some (or all) modules are moved back to the same address space where the microkernel is running. Idea was to have a as fast OS as the monolithic was but still secure and stable as the original server-client had. The operating system still has the microkernel and the kernel is not changed at all to be such it would gain a new architecture.
One point MS and Apple marketed their OS's NT and XNU as hybrid kernels but at least MS has stopped it and says NT has a microkernel. Apple still continues calling XNU as hybrid, even that the XNU has the Mach 3.0 microkernel.
Because the Linux kernel alone does not form a working operating system, we prefer to use the term “GNU/Linux” to refer to systems that many people casually refer to as “Linux”.
Wrong assumption! The linux is a monolithic kernel and not microkernel. The Linux is whole operating system alone. It does not need any software and especially from the GNU project. The GNU Project has their own OS under development, called Hurd. The Hurd is not a kernel but the operating system whats kernel is GNU Mach and it is a microkernel. The Linux is the name of the operating system what is monolithic kernel. And by GNU/Linux propaganda what Canonical continues to spread, the Linux has needed to get a synonym "Linux kernel" what really still is same as Linux.
Linux is modelled on the Unix operating system. From the start, Linux was designed to be a multi-tasking, multi-user system. These facts are enough to make Linux different from other well-known operating systems. However, Linux is even more different than you might imagine. In contrast to other operating systems, nobody owns Linux. Much of its development is done by unpaid volunteers.
Linux is monolithic kernel what is the original way to build up a operating system. And it is 4th Generation Unix-like operating system. And most of the development of the Linux operating system (it is still the kernel) is done by corporations like RedHat and Novell. Only few % comes from unpaid volunteers. It still does not change that Linux is the operating system who no one owns. Because GPL license is protecting it. Kudos for that.
Linux is also less likely to crash, better able to run more than one program at the same time, and more secure than many operating systems. With these advantages, Linux is the fastest growing operating system in the server market. More recently, Linux has begun to be popular among home and business users as well.
Linux really is secure operating system but there is a more secure version of it, called SELinux (it is Linux but to be accurate, it is SELinux). And Linux has gained very strong support for supercomputers and normal servers because of it's stability and speed.
The speed is very important feature of the operating systems for supercomputers and thats why the monolithic operating system still is best choice to the supercomputer.
Thats why GNU has not got their own OS Hurd to be developed because it is much slower on servers because it has a server-client architecture and even has bad choice to use Mach 3.0 as their microkernel (RMS has said so) because they did not get own kernel working.
And Linux has got foot between door on cellphone markets as well. Linux is the operating system powering the Android and Maemo and many other cellphone software platforms. That makes Linux one of the greatest OS of the time.
And thing what GNU project has done helping it to happend, is the GPLv2 license what Linus Torvalds used instead his own.
But that is not a reason to call it GNU/Linux at all, because the GPL license does not make purpose for it. Otherwise we should call softwares like Firefox and OpenOffice as GNU/Firefox and GNU/OpenOffice etc.
The whole GNU/Linux is biased only about GNU's unlogical ethics and fame hunting for operating system what the project itself couldn't develop. The computer science is very clear about the operating system functions, it is pure science and mathematic, no ideological about freedom and licensed etc. It is software what humans has developed and what they teach on universities (like the one where Linus Torvalds got his degree or where Andrew S.Tanenbaum teaches the operating systems functions).
And some people tries to make it easier to understand by calling all kernels as "only the kernel" without actually understanding that there is big difference between microkernel and monolithic kernel.
And some of the same people have tried to show that what you see in the screen, is the operating system. They try to keep everything so simple that the truth is hided behind assumptions and assumptions turns as truth and it overrules the technology and science. It is very difficult for normal user to understand the software because they can not touch it, they can not see it how it works and they do not understand the software meaning.
Maybe the biggest fight about GNU/Linux vs Linux has gone about how popular the name is among normal people and technical people. And about the stupid unlogical reasons how the Linux needs GNU software because other sofware does not run without GNU software. It is like saying that every GNU software should be Intel/GNU or AMD/GNU or x86/GNU and PPC/GNU because GNU software does not run without CPU. Or that the GNU software should be called as ElectricityCompany/GNU because the computer does not run without electricity.
And in the end we just would end up to situation calling it Electricity/COmputerManufacturer/Linux/GNU/Xorg/KDE/ because without those you could not run the Kmail or Kopete. The GNU project is important, but it has nothing to do with the operating system. As far Ubuntu is not ran by GNU's own operating system Hurd, the operating system has nothing to do with the GNU project.
This just does not make it less important how great softwares the GNU project has developed. Even that software was libre before the GNU project existed or RMS studied on MIT. It is just great how GNU project has kept the software as libre and did not allow it to be fallen in total control of big corporations. Kudos from THAT!
If Canonical wants to follow their own Code of Conduct and offer humanity to everyone one, without being biased. They need to stop using the GNU/Linux -term. It is pure lie and lies are not good base for the freedom and especially for the truth.
So give the credit for them who deservers it and for what they have done.
That means Linus Torvalds is the founder of the Linux operating system and Richard Stallman is the founder of GNU Project to protect libre software.
And Canonical to package the Linux operating system, GNU software and other open source softwares so we can have such software system that is easy to use.