There are two stickys in this section
http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=333867
http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=255970
As for Python these two guides have have been the mainstay of recomendations for a very long time now.
How to think like a computer scientist series.
Python: http://greenteapress.com/thinkpython
Dive into python for code examples.
http://www.diveintopython.org
This may be a good start point.
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