ubuntu comes with RDP client support, "out of the box" as they say.
it's called terminal server client. there are other possibilities, but this is one i know of, and i know how that it works well.
regarding printing. i think your biggest hurdle will simply be finding a printer that actually works well in linux. once you've done that, then you should have no problem sharing the printer to your windows rdp server. take a look here for supported printers:
http://cups.org/ppd.php and here for how to set up each client for printer sharing:
https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Pr...sWebInterface? and
https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Ne...ingWithUbuntu?
problem i see would be potential multiple logon's to the windows rdp server. could slow the rdp machine (and/or your network) to a crawl. you might do some serious thinking about setting up a virtual machine install of windows on a linux host. that way, you could transport (and copy) the server to any other computer, or host it centrally. more information here:
http://www.vmware.com/products/server/
could also think about setting up a local im system via something like irc or jabber. the clients could use the system to quickly aleart others in the office that they are using the rdp server.
active directory might be something of a challenge. i've never had an occasion to work through it, so i don't know where to point you.
might also dig through some of the links in my sig for file sharing solutions too.
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