chkdsk is for ntfs partitions. Forget about reading linux partitions from windows, it can only get you into problems. I wouldn't try it.
If you want to run a check of the ubuntu partition, all you need to do from live session is:
Code:
sudo fsck /dev/mapper/isw_blahblah_thefuture7
That will run the fsck on partition #7.
The black screen or stucking at the purple screen might be a video issue. I didn't understand whether you did run the commands to install fglrx or not? They need to be run from ubuntu recovery mode, not from windows command prompt.
In the grub boot menu, select the ubuntu recovery mode. In the menu that shows up, select Network to activate networking (internet).
After that it will return you to the same menu, now select Drop to root shell.
That will open command prompt as root. Start executing the commands in that link:
Code:
apt-get install fglrx
aticonfig --initial
reboot
You don't need the sudo in front since in the root shell you are already as root.
See if something like that can help. Usually the nvidia cards were the ones giving problems, not ATI but it seems lately there was a change in the drivers included in ubuntu so you have to do some additional steps for ATI cards too.
You can also try downloading the driver from the AMD website and putting it onto a usb stick. Then you can try installing it in recovery mode. But try the above procedure first.
PS. About your Edit6, the message about software raid. The message is correct, you don't have software raid. Linux software raid is different from the bios fakeraid, even though fakeraid is also software based in a way. But it's not linux software raid. So, the message saying you don't have one is correct and that's not a problem.